Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for EV Batteries

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (LTMDs) are considered promising materials for supercapacitors (SCs) and lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) because of their unique layered architecture, which offers an enormous surface area fast ion movement, makes them potential candidates high-performance electrodes in these devices. Nevertheless, inherent challenges exist, including poor electrical conductivity, frequent large-volume expansions slow ionic diffusion rates, that restrict application advanced energy storage applications. Therefore, various methods have been applied to overcome the numerous innovative approaches employed fabricate high-quality electrode SCs LIBs. This brief review is focused on difficulties encountered by LIBs explores how 2D TMDs can be able enhance efficiency. also highlighted crystal structures synthesis used develop LTMD Furthermore, applications TMD-based nanomaterials storage, specifically LIBs, described. Finally, current future research directions this field proposed.

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ABSTRACT With the increasing demand for high‐performance energy storage devices, alternative anode materials with high density and operational voltage is becoming urgent. Two‐dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures gained popularity due to their large surface area adjustable interlayer spacing. In this work, we have employed first‐principles calculations compare structural, electronic, adsorption, electrochemical properties of O S functionalized Ti 2 CY /graphene (Y = O, S) vdW heterostructures. The optimized heterostructure formed by MXene graphene layers are separated 3.04 3.40 à , respectively, giving binding per atom as −0.019 −0.018 eV. It found that intercalation lithium (Li) atoms in between /Graphene thermodynamically more favorable comparison on top or below Bader charge transfer analysis confirms gain less −0.13 e during Li compared −0.47 larger size 3p orbital atoms. Each contributes ~0.88–0.89 process. diffusion barrier lower CS (0.27, 0.22, 0.12, 0.18 eV) than CO (0.45, 0.40, 0.34, 0.28 when + nLi, n 1, 2, 3, 17, respectively. CI‐NEB study also... Read More

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Metastable vanadium dioxide (V2O5) nanowires that can reversibly insert and extract high concentrations of magnesium (Mg) ions. The nanowires have a specific metastable phase, denoted ζ-V2O5, that allows for insertion of up to 0.33 Mg ions per V2O5 unit. This is much higher than the capacities observed for Mg insertion in other V2O5 phases. The ζ-V2O5 phase is stabilized by selectively leaching out cations from a precursor bronze phase. The high Mg intercalation capacity is attributed to the expanded interlayer spacing and structural features of the ζ-V2O5 phase that facilitate Mg diffusion.

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Redox flow battery with high-voltage bipolar redox molecules for energy storage, achieving voltages greater than 3.5 V through a novel bipolar design that combines an anolyte and catholyte separated by a non-conjugating insulating linker. The system enables efficient energy conversion through reversible redox reactions between the two half-cells, with the catholyte containing a para-dimethoxybenzene-based bipolar molecule and the anolyte containing a stilbene-based molecule, both separated by a two-CX2 linker. The system can be integrated into a single tank configuration with separate catholyte and anolyte tanks, and features an external load isolation system to prevent unintended electrical connections during charging.

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1D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanowires (NWs) have attracted attention to act as energy storage and information technology materials, but the TMD NWs are unable directly synthesized rather than hexagonal flakes due habit of in-planar isotropic crystal growth. Herein, topological phase transformation is proposed synthesize ultralong high-quality 2H-MoS2 from a surface-to-interior sulfurization isomorphic Mo2S3 NWs. endows structure with [MoS] chains inserted into structure. The harvested MoS2 average in length >150 µm diameter ≈400 nm, electrical conductivity ≈150 S m-1 much higher reported (10-2 m-1). As sodium-ion battery (SIB) anode, exhibit high capacity 705 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. retention 85.6% achieved after 9500 cycles 5 g-1, superior any TMD-based SIB anodes. Further in-situ characterizations reveal favorable reversible redox chemistry for NWs, excellent cycling stability stems homogeneous surface stress release during sodiation/desodiation. This work provides an effective strategy preparing electrochemical performance.

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A rechargeable battery that uses aluminum as the anode instead of lithium, along with specific cathode materials and an aluminum-containing electrolyte. The aluminum anode provides higher charge/discharge rates, longer lifespan, and improved safety compared to lithium-ion batteries. The cathode materials are transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2) or oxides (MOz) that intercalate anions. The electrolyte contains aluminum ions that reversibly deposit/dissolve at the aluminum anode and intercalate/deintercalate at the cathode. The aluminum electrolyte avoids the issues of liquid electrolytes like flammability and leakage.

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Structured transition metal dichalcogenide foams for high-performance battery anodes that can withstand excessive volume expansion during cycling. The foams have a hierarchical 3D structure with channels and interconnected cells made of TMD layers. The channels have nanometer-sized internal diameters. The foam anodes provide high capacity, high yield, and dynamic recovery. The foams are made by chemically exfoliating TMD, jetting it onto a substrate, dewetting to form layers, and applying voltage to spray particles between layers.

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High-performance hybrid composite for lithium-ion batteries that has improved capacity and charging speed compared to traditional graphite anodes. The composite is made by coating graphene onto a layer of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to create a heterostructure. This composite anode has higher capacity and faster charging than pure graphite anodes due to the intercalation reaction between the MoS2 and lithium ions. The MoS2 layer enhances lithium ion intercalation into the graphite. The composite can be manufactured at scale using simple methods without requiring high pressures or temperatures.

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High-energy density all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries with high sulfur loading and improved performance by using a transition metal chalcogenide cathode material with both ionic and electronic conductivity. The cathode material is composed of embedded lithium storage transition metal chalcogenide compounds like Mo6S8, sulfur, and graphene/carbon nanotubes. The chalcogenide provides ionic and electronic conductivity, reducing the need for electrolyte and conductive additives in the cathode. This allows higher sulfur loading and improves energy density compared to conventional cathode materials.

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Protective anode for metal-based batteries like lithium-air, lithium-sulfur, and metal-ion batteries that can significantly improve cycle life without compromising performance. The protective anode is made by discharging and charging a cathode with transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and an anode with a metal, such as lithium, in an electrolyte with carbon dioxide dissolved. The cycling forms a protective layer on the anode containing Li2CO3. The protective anode can be removed and used in a regular battery with the TMDC cathode and electrolyte, providing improved cycle life compared to regular lithium anodes.

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Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with high capacity and low electrode potential for improved safety and performance. The anode materials are transition metal dichalcogenides like TiS2 in a few-layer configuration. Few-layer TiS2 has a lower lithiation potential compared to bulk TiS2, making it usable as an anode material in lithium-ion cells. The few-layer structure enables higher capacity and lower potential compared to bulk TiS2, which is limited to cathode use due to high lithiation potential.

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Highly defected nanocrystalline metal dichalcogenides like MoS2 with expanded atomic spacing for pseudocapacitive energy storage. The defected structure provides access to interlayer crystals and facilitates pseudocapacitive charge storage. The nanocrystal electrodes have high power density due to synergy between the nanostructure and composite electrode architecture. The defected nanocrystals can reversibly store high capacities in seconds, cycle thousands of times, and operate at high voltages without crystal destruction.

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A lithium secondary battery with improved discharge capacity, output density, storage stability, and cycle life compared to conventional lithium batteries. The key feature is using a transition metal chalcogen compound as the negative electrode material instead of graphite. These compounds can absorb and release lithium ions like graphite, but at higher potentials. This prevents lithium plating on the negative electrode during charging. The positive electrode uses a carbon material that can absorb and release anions, balancing the charge transfer. This reduces concentration gradients of electrolyte salt during charging and discharging, improving cycle life and storage stability.

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Improving the reversibility and cycling performance of nonaqueous cells using layered chalcogenide positive electrode materials like LiVS2 or LiCrS2 by substituting some of the transition metal atoms in the chalcogenide with other metals like Mn, Fe, Ni, or Co. This allows easier and more complete intercalation of lithium or sodium ions during charging and discharging compared to pure vanadium or chromium chalcogenides. The substituted chalcogenides have weaker and broader intermediate phases as the lithium concentration varies, making the intercalation process more reversible.

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