Techniques to Increase Energy Density of Sodium-Ion Batteries

Positive electrode active material for sodium-ion batteries with improved energy density, comprising a sodium ion-layered transition metal oxide with a cross-section filling rate of 75-99%, a tap density of 1.5-2.5 g/cm3, and a particle size distribution coefficient K of 0.9-3.0. The material enables high-capacity sodium-ion batteries with enhanced energy density, processability, and structural integrity.

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Sodium-ion battery cathode material with high volumetric energy density, comprising a layered sodium-based transition metal oxide with a unique crystal structure that enables high compaction density, achieved through a novel synthesis method that controls particle morphology and size.

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A sodium metal battery cell with improved performance, comprising an electrolyte solution containing an organic compound with an unsaturated group as a first additive, and a catalyst comprising a transition metal or its alloy, which reduces hydrogen generation and enhances cycle stability. The battery cell features an anode-free design with a current collector as the negative electrode, eliminating the need for active materials and enabling higher energy density.

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Sodium secondary battery with enhanced energy density and charge-discharge capacity through a novel positive electrode active material. The material comprises a composite metal oxide with a specific composition and processing method that incorporates an oxidizable metal precursor into a sodium compound. The resulting precipitate, when exposed to oxygen, forms a stable precipitate from an oxidizable metal aqueous solution. This precipitate is then mixed with sodium compounds and sintered to form the positive electrode active material. The precipitate from an oxidizable metal aqueous solution is a key component in achieving the desired material properties for the sodium secondary battery.

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All-solid-state sodium-ion secondary battery with improved charge-discharge efficiency and energy density. The battery features a negative electrode layer comprising a carbon material precursor, such as sugar or biomass, and a sodium-ion conductive solid electrolyte layer. The positive electrode layer contains a crystallized glass active material. The battery's performance is enhanced by optimizing the thickness ratio and capacity ratio between the negative and positive electrode layers.

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Sodium batteries and electrical equipment that enhance energy density through optimized negative electrode design. The design involves controlling the ratio of positive to negative electrode materials to achieve a more balanced performance. The ratio is determined by regulating the amount of positive active material in the positive electrode to the amount of negative active material in the negative electrode. This balance enables the negative electrode to achieve a higher capacity while maintaining the necessary safety characteristics. The design also incorporates advanced electrolyte formulations with specific solvents and salt concentrations to optimize the battery's performance and safety.

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Sodium ion batteries achieve higher energy density through novel negative electrode materials. The invention introduces a negative electrode comprising a sodium metal oxide, where the metal oxide is specifically designed to enhance the negative electrode's performance while maintaining safety. This material combines the benefits of sodium metal with the advantages of oxide materials, enabling significant improvements in energy density compared to conventional negative electrodes.

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Sodium-ion battery cathode material with improved cycling stability and energy density compared to conventional layered sodium oxides. The material has a mixed phase composition of both P2 and P3 layers. The P2 phase has Na in octahedral sites and P3 phase has Na in prismatic sites. The mixed phase material allows high Na content while maintaining low energy barrier Na ion diffusion. It has advantages of high initial capacity, high voltage, and high tap density from the P2 phase, plus good rate capability and cycling stability from the P3 phase. The mixed phase composition can be achieved by a sol-gel synthesis method using metal salt precursors of Na, Mn, Ni, and other elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, or Al.

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Sodium ion battery design with improved cycle life and energy density for sodium ion batteries used in energy storage applications. The design involves a specialized negative electrode structure with a separate sodium storage layer and conductive skeleton layer. The sodium storage layer provides the sodium intercalation capacity, while the conductive skeleton layer promotes uniform sodium deposition and prevents dendrite growth. The capacity ratio of the sodium storage layer to the positive electrode layer is controlled to optimize energy density and cycle life.

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Hybrid battery pack that combines the high energy density of lithium-ion cells with the low cost and high temperature performance of sodium-ion cells. The pack features an array structure comprising both types of cells, where the lithium-ion cells are connected in series and the sodium-ion cells are connected in parallel. This arrangement enables the lithium-ion cells to maintain their high charge and discharge capacity even at extreme temperatures, while the sodium-ion cells provide their unique benefits of high thermal stability and rapid charging capabilities. The pack's architecture allows the lithium-ion cells to be directly connected to the sodium-ion cells, eliminating the thermal management challenges typically associated with lithium-ion battery pack assembly.

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Sodium-ion battery with improved energy density through the use of high-density sodium metal clusters as negative electrodes. The battery employs a novel negative electrode material, specifically hard carbon, which enables the formation of sodium metal clusters through controlled intercalation. This material's unique properties, including its high true density and extensive sodium intercalation void space, allow for efficient sodium ion storage and release. The battery design combines the hard carbon material with a conductive agent and binder to create a robust and efficient negative electrode system.

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Aqueous sodium-based mixed ion secondary battery that achieves higher energy density and better cycle performance compared to traditional single-ion batteries. The battery employs a layered structure with sodium manganate as the anode material, where sodium ions intercalate and desorb through layered intercalation and deposition reactions. The negative electrode is composed of a metal oxide, with additional conductive carbon and binder materials. The electrolyte is a saturated metal oxide solution in a sodium hydroxide solution. The battery's unique design enables simultaneous ion storage and release through the layered structure, resulting in improved performance characteristics.

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An all-solid-state sodium ion secondary battery with improved reliability and performance, featuring a current collector layer made of a metallic material such as aluminum, titanium, or silver, with a thickness between 10 nm and 10 μm, and a solid electrolyte layer comprising a sodium ion-conductive oxide. The battery design prevents peeling of the current collector from the electrode layers during handling and operation, while maintaining high energy density and cycle stability.

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Sodium-ion battery cathode active materials for high-performance applications. The materials exhibit improved capacity retention and voltage stability through reversible phase transitions, enabling higher energy density and longer cycle life compared to conventional materials. The phase transitions occur during charge and discharge cycles, allowing the material to recover its capacity and maintain voltage stability. The materials achieve these benefits through reversible phase transitions between different structural forms, which enable efficient charge and discharge processes.

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A battery cell combining sodium-ion and lithium-ion electrodes in a single cell structure. The cell comprises a composite electrode assembly comprising a sodium-ion positive electrode sheet, a lithium-ion positive electrode sheet, and a separator. The electrodes are arranged in a specific pattern to achieve optimal performance characteristics. The cell features a diaphragm separating the electrodes, with the negative electrode comprising a sodium-ion active material and the positive electrode comprising a lithium-ion active material. The cell can be configured to operate at various charge levels (0.005 to 200 times C), offering enhanced performance compared to traditional battery pack configurations.

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High entropy layered oxide material with covalent anion and cation valence for sodium-ion batteries, comprising a chemical formula Na0.9Li0.1Mg0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Mn0.4Ti0.2O2, prepared by a solid phase method involving grinding and heat treatment. The material exhibits improved electrochemical performance and stability, enabling high-capacity sodium-ion batteries with enhanced energy density and long cycle life.

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A sodium-ion battery cathode material comprising a positive electrode active material comprising a combination of NaFePO4 and NaFeP2O7, with particle size distribution of 3-8.5 μm. The material combines the high capacity and rate performance of NaFePO4 with the improved stability and mechanical properties of NaFeP2O7.

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Flexible sodium-ion battery negative electrode comprising carbon nanotube film as current collector, and nickel sulfide negative electrode material grown on the carbon nanotube film in-situ. The negative electrode achieves high performance through the unique combination of carbon nanotube film's high surface area and excellent mechanical properties, while the nickel sulfide material's high sodium storage capacity and mechanical stability enable reliable performance across repeated bending cycles.

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Sodium-ion battery positive plate with enhanced electrical conductivity through optimized binder distribution. The plate comprises a positive current collector with a surface featuring a specific binder concentration, and a positive active material arranged on this surface. The binder concentration is precisely controlled to achieve optimal conductivity while maintaining the positive electrode's non-oxidizable nature. The negative electrode current collector also features a controlled binder concentration, with both foil and rubber emulsion options available. This configuration enables the positive plate to achieve high electrical conductivity while maintaining the negative electrode's safety characteristics.

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Polyanionic sodium-ion battery cathode material with improved performance and scalability. The material is a single-phase or two-phase sodium ion battery cathode made from a novel liquid-phase preparation method that enables precise control of metal phosphate composition through citric acid complexation. The method ensures uniform distribution of metal ions during solution preparation, eliminating common issues associated with traditional solid-phase ball milling. The resulting material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, stability, and reproducibility, making it suitable for large-scale production.

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Battery with enhanced power density through improved electrode interface properties. The battery comprises a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator. The positive electrode sheet contains a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode coating, while the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode coating. The negative electrode current collector features a network of holes with diameters ranging from 50 to 400 micrometers and spacings of 0.5 to 1 millimeter. This unique electrode architecture enables controlled lithium ion intercalation and transfer while maintaining high power density.

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Trivalent sodium ion doping of mixed sodium iron pyrophosphate cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries, where the doping replaces divalent iron ions. The material combines trivalent sodium-doped mixed sodium iron pyrophosphate with in-situ carbon coating, resulting in a material with enhanced conductivity and surface properties.

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A mixed crystal polyanionic phosphate cathode material for sodium-ion batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance. The material comprises sodium iron phosphate, sodium iron pyrophosphate, and sodium iron phosphate with micro- and nanostructured macropores and mesopores, achieving high specific capacity and long cycle life. The material's unique microstructure enables efficient sodium ion migration through its porous network, while maintaining structural integrity.

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Modified iron-based polyanionic compound positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries, comprising graphene supported on the surface of the modified iron-based polyanionic compound. The material combines the high electronic conductivity and reversible discharge capacity of iron-based polyanions with the enhanced mechanical stability and surface area of graphene. The material achieves improved performance in sodium-ion batteries through its optimized surface structure.

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A sodium-ion battery design that addresses the limitations of current lithium-ion batteries through the use of a sodium-based cathode material. The battery combines the advantages of both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, featuring a sodium-based cathode that achieves high storage capacity while maintaining excellent cycle stability. The cathode material, comprising sodium and sodium perchlorate, provides a unique combination of high sodium storage capacity and reversible electrode properties. This design enables the creation of a hybrid battery that can replace lithium-ion batteries while overcoming the challenges associated with sodium-ion batteries.

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Sodium ion battery with enhanced capacity and cycle life, achieved through a uniform negative electrode active material layer containing disordered carbon materials. The battery features a cathode comprising positive electrode materials with a uniform positive electrode active material layer, and an anode comprising a negative electrode active material layer on a substrate. The negative electrode layer contains disordered carbon materials, which provide improved capacity retention and cycle stability compared to conventional uniform carbon layers. The battery architecture enables higher capacity and improved cycle life compared to conventional designs, particularly at high charge rates.

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Sodium-ion battery technology offers a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its abundant sodium resources and lower cost. However, current sodium-ion batteries face significant challenges in achieving high first-time Coulombic efficiency and rate performance. A new generation of sodium-ion batteries addresses these limitations through the development of a sodium-based electrolyte system. The system enables improved performance characteristics, including enhanced first-time Coulombic efficiency and rate capability, through the use of a novel electrolyte composition that optimizes sodium ion mobility and charge transport.

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A method for preparing and utilizing sodium-ion battery cathode materials through substitution of V ions with Cr and Mn ions in the Na3V2(PO4)3 structure. The preparation involves replacing V ions with Cr and Mn ions to form Na4CrMn(PO4)3 while maintaining the original crystal structure and electrical neutrality. This substitution enables the material to exhibit higher theoretical capacity densities compared to conventional Na3V2(PO4)3. The resulting material retains the unique three-dimensional framework of the original material, making it suitable for sodium-ion battery applications.

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Positive electrode active material for sodium-ion batteries that achieves high voltage and capacity through a novel crystal structure containing cobalt. The material consists of crystalline Na3Co2P2O7, Na3Co2I8P2O7, and Na5Co4P8O28, with specific particle sizes and crystal structures optimized for efficient sodium ion conduction and mechanical integrity. The material's unique crystal structure enables high discharge voltages without compromising capacity, making it suitable for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and other applications requiring high-voltage batteries.

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Positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries with enhanced voltage and capacity, comprising a glass matrix containing divalent iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and nickel, along with sodium ions, which can be crystallized through controlled firing processes. The material combines the benefits of divalent metal ions to enhance charge storage while maintaining high discharge capacity, with the glass matrix providing mechanical strength and thermal stability. The material's composition and crystallization conditions are optimized to prevent oxidation and decomposition of the iron and cobalt components during the firing process, resulting in a stable and reliable electrode for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries.

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Sodium vanadium phosphate composite material for sodium-ion battery electrodes that achieves improved performance through enhanced conductivity. The material comprises a sodium vanadium phosphate precursor, carbon-coated sodium vanadium phosphate, and a sodium vanadium phosphate cathode material. The carbon coating improves electrical conductivity while maintaining mechanical stability. The composite material demonstrates enhanced electrochemical performance, including improved open-circuit voltage, specific capacity, and cycle life compared to conventional sodium vanadium phosphate cathode materials.

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Sodium ion battery electrolyte comprising a hydrated glass matrix with enhanced ionic conductivity and superior safety characteristics. The electrolyte comprises a glass matrix containing sodium ions, with an additional external sodium salt component that enhances the glass matrix's conductivity while maintaining its structural integrity. The glass matrix is prepared through a specialized sintering process that enables the formation of a quasi-solid electrolyte at intermediate temperatures, while the external salt component ensures continuous conductivity across the entire operating temperature range.

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Positive electrode active material for sodium-ion batteries that enhances discharge capacity through controlled transition metal incorporation. The material comprises a composition containing nickel (Ni) with specific mole fractions, combined with other elements like chromium, iron, manganese, and cobalt. The nickel content is optimized between 10-70% to achieve optimal redox activity. The material's crystalline structure is maintained through controlled crystallization and firing processes, ensuring optimal ion mobility and conductivity. The material's amorphous phase structure enables efficient ion transport and charge storage, while maintaining structural integrity during repeated charge-discharge cycles.

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Sodium-ion battery design that optimizes voltage control through mass balance between negative and positive electrode materials. The design achieves maximum voltage stability by controlling the ratio of negative to positive electrode materials, ensuring that the negative electrode voltage remains within a controlled range during charge cycles. This balance prevents excessive voltage peaks and maintains the positive electrode voltage below a critical threshold, thereby preserving the battery's overall performance and safety.

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β-alumina-based solid electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries with enhanced ion conductivity. The electrolyte contains β-alumina and/or r-alumina, achieves a thickness of 1 mm or less, and has a porosity of 20% or less. The solid electrolyte exhibits ion conductivity of IS or higher, enabling efficient sodium-ion storage in solid-state batteries.

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Positive electrode active material for alkaline ion secondary batteries that combines high energy density with excellent charge and discharge characteristics. The material comprises a combination of 20-55% CrO, 10-60% FeO, 10-60% MnO, 10-60% CoO, and 20-55% P2O5, with 5-20% SiO2 and B2O3. This composition enables the material to achieve both high voltage and high capacity while maintaining the necessary charge/discharge characteristics for practical use in alkaline ion secondary batteries.

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Positive electrode tab for sodium-ion batteries that combines a conventional active material with a conductive adhesive. The tab comprises a conductive substrate, a conductive adhesive, and a positive electrode active material. The adhesive enhances the electrical conductivity of the active material, while the substrate provides structural support. The combination enables high-performance sodium-ion battery electrodes with enhanced electrical conductivity and stability.

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Positive electrode active material for sodium-ion batteries that prevents powder fusion during firing through a unique composition. The material comprises Na, P, and at least one selected transition metal element with a specific surface area of 3-50 m2/g. The composition is processed in a controlled heat treatment process, where the amorphous body is formed through a combination of sintering and carbonization. The resulting material maintains its BET surface area while achieving the necessary properties for sodium-ion battery applications.

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An all-solid-state sodium battery electrolyte that achieves superior performance through precise control of the sodium-to-polyphosphorous ratio. The electrolyte composition is optimized to balance conductivity, stability, and electrochemical window, resulting in a solid-state battery with enhanced cycle life and rate capability. The electrolyte's particle size is precisely controlled to maintain uniform conductivity and prevent dendrite growth. The preparation process involves a single-step solution preparation, sintering, and annealing, enabling rapid production of high-performance electrolytes.

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Electrode composite material for sodium-ion batteries that achieves high capacity and discharge voltage through the combination of crystalline glass powders, sodium ion conductive crystals, and an amorphous phase. The composite material contains active material crystals, sodium ion conductive crystals, and an amorphous phase, which forms a dense and conductive electrode structure through controlled sintering. The amorphous phase replaces the conventional crystalline structure, enabling enhanced sodium ion conductivity and improved electrode performance.

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A novel cathode material for sodium-ion batteries that enables high-performance energy storage through the integration of vanadium redox flow batteries. The method involves embedding vanadium-based cathode materials into aqueous sodium-ion electrolyte solutions, where the vanadium ions facilitate the redox reaction. The aqueous solution is prepared by combining vanadium acetate and sodium acetate in a specific molar ratio, with a glass fiber membrane separator and carbon cloth current collector. The vanadium-based cathode materials are assembled into the battery cell, enabling superior performance characteristics at high charge rates.

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Na-based secondary battery that operates at room temperature and achieves high output while maintaining low temperature operation. The battery features a solid electrolyte with conductivity specifically tailored for sodium ions, an anode containing sodium, and a liquid-state cathode containing metal halides. The liquid-state cathode is dissolved in the electrolyte during charging, and the metal halides react with the sodium ions to form a conductive solid electrolyte. This liquid-state cathode enables enhanced electrochemical reactions during both charging and discharging, significantly increasing charge and discharge speeds while maintaining operating temperature.

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Ceramic-supported thin-film sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte for high-performance sodium batteries. The electrolyte is composed of a porous ceramic matrix with a thin wall thickness (< 500 microns) that enables high conductivity while maintaining structural integrity under harsh operating conditions. The ceramic matrix is fabricated through advanced processing techniques that preserve its mechanical properties, enabling precise control over electrolyte thickness. This design addresses the conventional trade-off between performance and safety in ceramic electrolytes, offering a reliable solution for high-temperature applications.

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Cathode material for sodium batteries with enhanced working potential and conductivity. The material comprises positive electrode active material particles coated with conductive carbon layers, where at least a portion of the surface of the active material particles makes direct contact with the crystalline phase of the material and the amorphous phase of the conductive carbon.

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A sodium battery design that improves electrode interface properties by incorporating an asymmetric decorating layer between the anode and cathode. The decorating layer, comprising an anode wetting layer and a cathode active layer, enhances the interface between the electrodes and the solid electrolyte, significantly improving charge transfer efficiency and reducing internal resistance. This design enables higher specific energy density, improved safety, and enhanced performance in sodium batteries.

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