Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries

<title>Abstract</title> Nowadays, the recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) using hydrometallurgical processes is on rise. Therefore, safer leaching media for dissolution and environmentally friendly chemicals are essential. In this research, a feasibility study recovery metals, including lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, cathode LIB in acidic conditions pomegranate peel (PP) as green reductant was evaluated. To optimize process, effects various parameters, such CH₃COOH concentration, temperature, time, PP/LIB, were investigated response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. Based ANOVA, linear models obtained Co, Mn, Li recovery, except Ni model. According to results, temperature identified most crucial factor Ni, Li, due facile hydrolysis PP at elevated temperatures. optimization results cathodes presence PP, predicted values optimum point 320 min, 5.5 M 92C PP/LIB 3.5 g/g 83.3, 85.9, 84.9, 91.2%, respectively, which showed good agreement with calculated recovery. FTIR characterization samples absence indicated that glucose mole... Read More

Source

Abstract The rapid accumulation of endoflife lithiumion batteries necessitates sustainable recycling pathways, particularly for the industryprominent nickelrich NCM (LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , x+y+z = 1, x&gt;0.8) materials. Direct presents a promising solution but is hindered by susceptibility these materials to impurities, moisture, particle cracking, and thermal degradation, especially in hydrothermal relithiation methods. This study reveals that impurities lead severe surface degradation cathodes, resulting critical material transformations during hightemperature processes. To address issues, alkoxythermal (AT) process introduced, low temperature purification strategy operating at 80 C. Applied scrap, lownickel spent mixedstream materials, achieves crystal alongside majority fluorine impurity removal. AT also successfully demonstrated on 100gram batch (89% nickel) cathode black mass, showcasing its scalability. postAT upcycled singlecrystal morphology, yielding specific capacity 196 mAh/g. With scalability, integration potential, broad applicability... Read More

Source

Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most deployed energy storage technologies worldwide, providing power for a wide range applicationsfrom portable electronic devices to electric vehicles (EVs). The growing demand LIBs, coupled with shortage critical battery materials, has prompted scientific community seek ways improve material utilization through recycling end-of-life LIBs. While valuable metals already being recycled on an industrial scale, graphitea classified as resourcecontinues be discarded. In this study, graphite waste recovered from LIBs was successfully upcycled into active graphite/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) composite oxygen electrocatalyst. precursor rGO synthesis also extracted Incorporating significantly enhanced specific surface area and porosity resulting composite, facilitating effective doping residual during subsequent nitrogen via pyrolysis. These catalysts both reduction evolution reactions, enabling their use air electrode catalyst materials in zincair (ZABs). best-performing demonstrated impressive density 100 mW cm2 exceptional cycling sta... Read More

Source

Ultrasonic vibrating screen for efficiently and reliably recycling battery materials like powder from lithium-ion batteries. The screen has a unique design with an elastic connection between the screen cylinders and bottom frame. This prevents fractures that occur in conventional screens. The screen cylinders are stacked and fixed to a vibrating frame with ultrasonic transducers. The transducers vibrate the frame to screen the battery powder. The elastic connection allows some movement between the cylinders and prevents fractures when the screen vibrates.

Source

Recovering valuable metals like cobalt, nickel, and copper from sources like discarded lithium ion batteries using a smelting process that involves adjusting the redox degree by adding carbon-containing scrap from the battery wound bodies. This allows efficient recovery of the valuable metals from the slag without repulsion and ignition issues of carbonaceous reducing agents. It involves melting the sources, separating the slag, and feeding scrap from the battery wound bodies as a reducing agent to control the redox level. The oxygen partial pressure is also monitored to optimize recovery.

Source

Abstract With the widespread application of lithiumion batteries, recycling spent especially those involving LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathodes for their lowcost and high safety, has become an urgent environmental resource challenge. Traditional methods (hydrometallurgy pyrometallurgy) struggle to achieve green efficient recycling. Herein, this study proposes iodinemediated electrochemical strategy utilize a recyclable I 3 /I redox system efficiently extract Li + from LFP through liquidphase reactions on one side (achieving 93% leaching rate recovery as lithium carbonate), while simultaneously producing metallic zinc electrodeposition, which can be directly used in Znair batteries or hydrogen production. Furthermore, delithiated is upcycled into oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, achieving overpotential only 250 mV at 10 mA cm 2 , superior commercial RuO 2 catalysts. Eventually, reduces energy consumption by 32% (9.2 MJ kg 1 ) compared traditional hydrometallurgical processes, decreases greenhouse gas emissions 35% pyrometallurgical net profit $0.44 per kg. Th... Read More

Source

Direct recycling of lithium-ion battery waste through selective removal of aluminum impurities and incorporation of the resulting aluminum into electrode materials. The process involves pre-treatment of the battery waste, selective extraction and separation of aluminum, and incorporation of the aluminum into the electrode material. The resulting battery waste is then processed to remove unwanted materials, while the aluminum is incorporated into the electrode material through various methods such as precipitation, sol-gel processing, or chemical doping.

Source

A simple, dry process to convert lithium sulfate into lithium carbonate using heat and carbon-containing gases like carbon dioxide or monoxide. The process involves mixing lithium sulfate with a carbon material, injecting carbon gas into a reactor containing the mixture, and heating it to produce lithium carbonate. This avoids water evaporation steps and provides a faster, drier, and more efficient method to convert lithium sulfate into carbonate compared to conventional wet methods.

Source

The continuous accumulation of spent lithiumion batteries (LIBs) has brought about critical economic and environmental issues. This paper discusses the direct recycling LIBs through defect engineering, emerging as a sustainable strategy for upcycling. Degraded materials, including cathodes anodes, exhibit structural defects that can be repurposed modifying, enhancing performance regenerated batteries. Studies show utilizing lithium vacancies (LVs) oxygen (OVs) allows efficient diffusion dopants like Mg/Al F, improving electrochemical stability highvoltage capabilities. Additionally, this approach significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional methods, offering significant insights largescale upcycling closedloop energy storage systems.

Source

Abstract The growing volume of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries underscores the need for efficient recycling to mitigate environmental concerns and recover valuable materials. This study presents an upcycling strategy integrating pre-oxidation treatment Al-V co-doping produce regenerated LFP (RLFP) from (SLFP). process effectively removes residual binders, carbon, electrolytes, while shortens Li migration path, reduces charge-transfer resistance, enhances electrochemical performance RLFP. Notably, one RLFPs prepared by achieves outstanding discharge capacity 146.7 mAh/g at 1C, exceptional cycling stability, retaining 95.4% after 200 cycles which amounts a 21.5% improvement in retention compared undoped work thus provides scalable pathway offering new insights into impurity control processing SLFP highlighting potential enhance upcycling.

Source

Efficiently separating and recovering valuable metals like cobalt from impurities like iron during smelting of discarded lithium ion batteries. The method involves controlling the ratio of iron to cobalt in the charge and the cobalt grade in the slag during smelting. By limiting the iron:cobalt ratio in the charge to 0.5 or less and keeping the cobalt grade in the slag to 1% or less, iron content in the alloy can be decreased while maintaining high cobalt recovery. This allows efficient separation of cobalt from iron impurities during smelting.

Source

Abstract Direct recycling is increasingly recognized as a promising solution to alleviate the burgeoning contradiction between growing demand for lithiumion batteries (LIBs) and amidst resource shortages. A critical challenge in this process achieving efficient lithium compensation, which vital replenishing lost elements promoting reconstruction of degraded structures. Herein, inspired by concept recycle waste with waste, channelassisted regeneration strategy proposed that utilizes spinel materials reconstruct surface spent layered cathode, clearing blocked channels transforming them into 3D structure facilitates rapid transmission. This approach enhances replenishment exogenous salts particle lattice prevents intrinsic thermal decomposition during heat treatment due element deficiencies. The presence ion can also improve fastcharging performance regenerated cathode material, capacity retention rate 87.9% after 500 cycles at 10 C. Additionally, its overall electrochemical significantly outperforms commercial materials. work addresses challenges direct solidphase off... Read More

Source

A method for recycling Li-ion batteries that involves a more efficient and less complex process to extract solvents from comminuted batteries before further recycling steps. The method involves simultaneously heating the comminuted battery material in a vacuum container and vacuum pumping to approach target temperature and pressure. This raises the material temperature while reducing ambient pressure to facilitate solvent evaporation.

Source

Method for separating cobalt and nickel from lithium ion battery waste using a simple and efficient process. The method involves leaching the battery material with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, precipitating copper as sulfide, neutralizing and filtering to isolate cobalt and nickel, then re-dissolving the cobalt and nickel sulfide precipitate using oxygen bubbling. This allows selective separation of cobalt and nickel from other battery components without expensive chemicals or complex equipment.

Source

Abstract Green and efficient recycling of critical metals from spent lithiumion batteries is great importance. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show potential to replace conventional inorganic acids due their ecofriendly, lowcost, superior leaching performance. However, the low solidliquid ratio, high temperature, complex stepwise recovery processes may lead large solvent energy consumption. Herein, a selection principle proposed according enhanced redox capacity abundant hydrogen bonding interactions, which help design novel ternary DESs. The results demonstrate that DESs could disrupt metaloxygen bonds efficiently reduce highvalent form lowvalent metal complexes in solution. Besides, water as dilutant can viscosity benefit bonds. As result, achieve highmetal efficiency 98.65% (Li), 96.92% (Ni), 96.94% (Co), 95.53% (Mn) at relatively temperature (60 C) ratio ( R S/L = 10), respectively. regenerated cathodes via coprecipitation methods exhibit excellent electrochemical performance similar commercial cathodes. Finally, economic environmental evaluation entire... Read More

Source

Abstract The increasing demand for alkali metalion batteries necessitates efficient and sustainable recycling solutions both endoflife production scrap. This study introduces a novel, costeffective, scalable electrode delamination technique, termed icestripping, which employs subzero freezing to achieve nearcomplete (&gt;90%) recovery of coatings. Water is sprayed onto the surface placed on surface; water freezes, forming strong interfacial bond coating cold plate. enables current collector be stripped away from due stronger adhesion Unlike conventional thermal or chemical methods, icestripping minimizes energy consumption, eliminates hazardous chemicals, preserves morphology integrity reclaimed materials. technique successfully applied scrap lithiumion sodiumion battery electrodes with various binder systems. Case studies focus efficiencies potential direct Prussian white hard carbon electrodes, graphite cells, cathode anode manufacturing Scalability integration are also discussed. Given its efficiency sustainability, represents transformative ste... Read More

Source

Direct recycling of lithium-ion battery waste to isolate, purify, and regenerate recoverable battery components like cathode and anode materials. The recycling process involves steps like heat treatment, separation, surface treatment, relithiation, washing, chemical purification, and flotation. These steps decompose binders, separate electrode materials from current collectors, purify recovered materials, remove impurities, and regenerate electrode materials. The recycling method yields commercial-grade cathode and anode materials for reuse.

Source

A method to separate transition metals like nickel and cobalt from waste lithium-ion battery positive electrodes without using chemicals, reducing environmental pollution. The method involves heat treating the waste electrode in an inert or oxygen atmosphere to phase separate into lithium oxide and metal oxide. Then cooling in inert atmosphere and leaching in water to extract the transition metals. This structural change separates the metals without solvents.

Source

Recycling lithium-ion battery cathode materials in a way that allows extracting valuable elements like cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium in a form that can be used to make new battery cathodes. The recycling process involves leaching the spent battery materials to extract the desirable elements, precipitating them to form a precursor cathode material, and then adjusting the composition to achieve the desired molar ratios of elements for the new cathode chemistry. The precursor is then calcined and sintered to form the final recycled cathode material. The process allows efficient recovery and reuse of the valuable cathode elements from mixed chemistry batteries, reducing waste and environmental impact.

Source

Automated method and system for recycling metal from discarded lithium-ion battery modules used in electric vehicles and electronics. The method involves disassembling the module housing, cutting cell connections, dissolving adhesive, discharging cells, and melting/cooling to recover the metal contents. It aims to safely, quickly, and efficiently extract valuable metals from end-of-life battery packs compared to manual disassembly methods. The automated stationized process steps include disassembling the module housing, cutting cell connections, dissolving adhesive, discharging cells, and melting/cooling to recover the metal contents. The automated system has separate stations for disassembly, solvent bath, discharging, and melting/cooling.

Source