Redox Reversible Materials for EV Batteries

A secondary battery with improved performance by using a unique core material and coating technique. The core is made by hydrothermally synthesizing lithium iron phosphate and a bismuth salt at pH 1.0-4.0 to form a composite with tight bonding. This increases density, stability, and reduces volume change during charging/discharging. The core is then coated with a conductive polymer layer to enhance conductivity. This provides a high energy density, rate, cycle life, and temperature resistance.

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Battery with improved discharge capacity and method of making it. The battery has a unique composition in the anode layer that contains alloys of magnesium and indium. The anode layer is formed by vapor deposition of the Mg-In alloy. After assembly, the battery is charged to convert the Mg-In alloy into Li-Mg and Li-In alloys. This process enhances discharge capacity compared to conventional Li-metal anodes.

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Lithium batteries with improved electrodes for higher energy density and longer cycle life. The positive electrode uses a vanadium phosphate called ε-VOPO4 that can store multiple lithium ions per vanadium atom. To improve conductivity and prevent cracking, ε-VOPO4 particles are coated with graphene or carbon nanotubes. The positive electrode composition has a specific capacity of at least 260 mAh/g. The lithium metal negative electrode has a low impurity level below 100 ppm to reduce variations during charging. This allows using a higher capacity lithium metal without lithium dendrite formation.

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High-energy-density rechargeable battery with improved characteristics like higher specific energy, lower resistance, wider temperature range, and higher cycle life compared to conventional batteries. The battery uses metallic manganese anode, manganese fluoride cathode, and hydrogen fluoride electrolyte. The manganese anode has higher capacity and potential than zinc. The manganese fluoride cathode has higher capacity than manganese oxide. The hydrogen fluoride electrolyte has lower resistance and freezing point than organic electrolytes. The manganese fluoride compounds provide higher potential than manganese oxides. The battery can operate at lower temperatures due to the hydrogen fluoride electrolyte and manganese anode. The battery is rechargeable with high cycle life.

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A lithium battery positive material with improved specific discharge capacity and reduced costs compared to conventional lithium nickel manganese oxide. The material is a lithium nickel manganese oxide doped with copper, titanium, nitrogen, and carbon. The dopants and carbon coating enhance the material's electrical conductivity and lithium ion diffusion. The doping ratios and particle size are optimized to balance capacity, cycle life, and cost. The material is made by co-precipitation of the lithium nickel manganese oxide precursor, followed by carbon coating using supercritical fluid extraction.

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Redox flow batteries with high energy density by using semi-solid or condensed ion-storing electrode materials that can take up or release ions during operation. The flowable electrode materials are transported between the electrodes to extract energy. This allows using higher concentration electrolytes with improved solubility compared to liquid electrolytes. The flowable electrode materials can be gels, liquids, or solid compounds like oxides, metals, or organic redox couples.

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An aqueous organic flow battery with high energy density by combining insoluble and soluble phenazine-based electrodes. The battery uses an insoluble phenazine compound at the negative electrode and a soluble phenazine compound in the negative electrolyte. This allows higher specific capacity and energy density compared to conventional organic flow batteries. The insoluble phenazine compound provides high capacity while the soluble phenazine compound enables high solubility.

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Flexible energy storage device with a redox-active biopolymer organogel electrolyte that allows bending without breaking or tearing. The device has electrodes separated by a redox-active biopolymer organogel electrolyte containing a biopolymer gel, redox-active molybdenum ions, and a secondary ionic substance like lithium or sodium. The gel electrolyte allows flexibility at temperatures from -40 to 120°C. The biopolymer gelator, gel solvent, molybdenum ions, and secondary ions are mixed to form the electrolyte.

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Battery electrode composition with improved environmental compatibility and recyclability. The composition contains an organic redox molecule with a redox potential between -1.3 and 0.9 V. The redox molecule has peak potentials within 0.8 V of each other. This allows efficient charge storage and capacity retention. The composition can be used in positive or negative electrodes for batteries. It provides high cycling and rate performance, and the redox molecule can decompose into harmless components after battery disassembly.

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A high capacity aqueous rechargeable battery with copper ferrocyanide as the positive electrode and phenazine as the negative electrode. The copper ferrocyanide positive electrode provides a high theoretical specific capacity due to the intercalation of multiple metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+, CN-) during charge/discharge. The phenazine negative electrode has adjustable electrochemical properties from organic redox-active units. The aqueous electrolyte allows for low cost, scalability, and safety compared to organic solvents.

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Redox active materials, electrodes, batteries, and methods for improving cathode performance in high capacity, long-life, safe, and cheap energy storage devices using S-linked quinone polymers and sulfurized carbon matrices. The S-linked quinone polymers have quinone redox moieties linked by sulfide groups. They can be homopolymers or copolymers. The sulfurized carbon matrices have sulfur-rich carbon structures. The polymers and matrices provide high capacity, long cycle life, and low soluble sulfur shuttle effects compared to other organic redox materials. They can be combined with additives and used as cathode active materials in non-aqueous electrolyte batteries.

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Water-based energy storage device using vitamin C as a redox electrolyte that allows reversible charging and discharging without irreversible side reactions. The device uses a cathode made of microporous carbon with a specific surface area of at least 1500 m2/g and pore diameter less than 2 nm. This carbon structure suppresses irreversible reactions during the redox cycling of vitamin C. The carbon cathode allows reversible oxidation/reduction of vitamin C in the aqueous electrolyte, improving the redox reversibility and capacity retention of the device.

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Polymer gel-containing materials that can reversibly contract when electricity is applied, and electrochemical devices containing these gels. The gels have a network structure with hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites. They selectively adsorb a second active species through electrochemical redox reactions of a redox pair. This causes reversible contraction as the second species is included. When the redox reaction reverses, the species releases and the gel swells. The redox pair and gel composition allow electrochemical contraction using electricity rather than pumps or gases.

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Aqueous polymer electrolyte battery with non-flammable electrolytes and high energy density. The battery uses redox active materials in the electrodes and electrolytes that are soluble in water. The positive electrode (cathode) uses a polymer called neogolite containing a redox center with a large potential difference. The negative electrode (anode) uses a polymer called fosolite containing a redox center with high solubility in water. The neogolite and fosolite are in contact. This allows high energy density and stability because the redox centers have different potentials. The water-based electrolytes are non-flammable. The battery can use solar, wind, hydro power, etc. The scalable design allows expanding storage capacity. The polymer electrolytes can be adjusted for pH and expanded volume. The battery can be connected in parallel

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Flexible energy storage device with high energy density, high cycling stability, and good flexibility. The device uses a redox-active polymer hydrogel electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes. The hydrogel contains a polymer, redox-active metal ions like Co, and balancing anions. The hydrogel provides a flexible, ionically conductive electrolyte for the device. It enables high capacitance, long cycle life, and flexibility compared to liquid electrolytes. The hydrogel forms a uniform film covering the electrodes when soaked in the metal ion solution.

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High-performance sodium-ion batteries with metallic sodium anodes, novel cathodes, and electrolytes for applications like electric vehicles. The batteries use a sodium-based metallic anode that is electrodeposited during the first charge cycle. The cathodes are selected from materials that support reversible redox interaction with the disclosed electrolytes. The electrolytes are ammoniate-based with ratios of NH3:salt between 0.1 and 10. The electrolytes support smooth sodium deposition on copper current collectors. The matching electrolyte-current collector couples enable stable cycling of the metallic sodium anode. The cathodes, electrolytes, and current collectors are chosen to balance performance and cost-effectiveness.

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Electrochemical devices like redox flow batteries and lithium-ion batteries using isatin derivatives as active materials. The isatin derivatives have bipolar redox behavior in non-aqueous solvents, allowing them to be used as redox materials in both the positive and negative electrodes of flow batteries. They also have reversible redox couples at high voltages, making them suitable as redox shuttles to prevent overcharging in lithium-ion batteries. The isatin derivatives can replace traditional active materials like vanadium in flow batteries and improve energy density.

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Redox gating materials for reversibly transforming electronic states in functional thin film devices at low sub-volt gate voltages. The redox gating materials integrate reversible redox functionalities to engineer charge transport for reversible transformation between electronic states at low sub-volt gate voltages in functional field-effect thin film devices. The redox gating materials contain a mixture of transition metal salts with variable valency and/or redox agents containing redox-active functional groups, along with ionic electrolytes, to enable reversible transformation of electronic states in functional thin film devices at low sub-volt gate voltages. The redox gating materials avoid the irreversible chemical changes that occur during conventional electrostatic or ionic gating.

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A cell pack design for electric vehicle batteries that eliminates imbalance between cells and improves pack cycling stability, especially at high current density and low temperatures. The key is using a specific non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the cells containing a redox shuttle compound with a reversible potential near the overcharge voltage. This allows reciprocal charging/discharging between the positive and negative electrodes to consume overcharge currents and prevent individual cell imbalance. The electrolyte also contains an additive mix of acetonitrile and linear carbonate solvents with optimized ratios. This provides good solubility and impregnation of the separator for the redox shuttle. The cell pack design involves configuring modules with matched capacity ratios to avoid misalignment during assembly.

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A polymer composition for batteries and electrochromic devices with improved specific energy compared to conventional polythiophene-based compositions. The composition contains a polythiophene polycation and a polymer anion with ortho-quinone fragments that can undergo reversible oxidation and reduction. The ortho-quinone groups increase the specific energy of the composition compared to traditional polythiophene-based materials.

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