Stability of Interface in Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Reducing volume change of battery active materials during charging/discharging by creating a porous structure inside the material particles. The method involves preparing a LiSi precursor with a specific crystal phase, then extracting Li using a solvent to form voids in the precursor. This step creates a porous active material with reduced volume change compared to non-porous materials. The specific crystal phase is Li22Si5.

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An all solid state battery design to prevent short circuits in the anode during charging by controlling the resistance distribution. The battery has a coating layer with lithium titanate on the anode current collector. The coating exists in the region where the anode and cathode are opposing but is omitted in the region where they are not opposed. This helps balance charge reaction progression in both regions. In the opposed region, the coating provides a conductive path to lower anode potential. In the non-opposed region, the coating omission reduces resistance compared to the coated region. This prevents uneven charge reaction progression and minimizes short circuits in the anode.

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Lithium nickel-based oxide positive electrode material for solid-state batteries with improved first charge capacity. The material contains Li, Ni, Mn, Co, D, and Zr oxides. The Ni content is 50-85%, Mn and Co are 0-40%, D is 0-2 mol % of other elements, and Zr is 0.1-5 mol %. The Zr content in the surface layer is around 0.1-0.5 at %. This composition and Zr surface enrichment provide a high first charge capacity of at least 160 mAh/g in solid-state batteries.

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Lithium nickel-based oxide positive electrode active material for solid-state batteries in electric vehicles with improved charge capacity. The material contains nickel, cobalt, manganese, optional dopants like aluminum or boron, and zirconium. The nickel content is 50-75 mol %, zirconium is 0.1-5 mol %, and the zirconium content in the surface layer is around 0.1 at %. This composition improves the first charge capacity to at least 160 mAh/g in solid-state batteries. The zirconium-doped lithium nickel oxide provides a higher charge capacity compared to traditional lithium nickel oxide materials in solid-state batteries.

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A composite interlayer for lithium metal solid-state batteries to improve cycle life and reduce impedance at the lithium metal/solid electrolyte interface. The interlayer is formed by coating the lithium metal with a mixture of lithium nitrate, dimethoxyethane, and trimethyl phosphate. This coating is applied to the lithium metal for 1-2 hours, then dried to form the interlayer between the lithium metal and solid electrolyte. The interlayer contains an ionic conductor, like lithium nitrate, dispersed in an organic matrix. This composite interlayer suppresses side reactions between lithium metal and the solid electrolyte, reducing impedance, and improves cycle life compared to bare lithium metal.

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Composite electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with improved stability against dendrite growth and resistance to cracking when used with high-capacity lithium metal anodes. The composite electrolytes have a high volume fraction of inorganic solid electrolyte embedded in an organic polymer matrix. The inorganic component provides ionic conductivity while the polymer prevents dendrite growth and cracks. The composite electrolytes have fracture strengths between 5-250 MPa. The inorganic material can be a lithium-stuffed garnet oxide or antiperovskite oxide. The organic polymer can be entangled with a surface species on the inorganic particles. The composite electrolytes prevent dendrite formation and cycling at high current densities without cracking compared to pure organic electrolytes.

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Battery cell design to improve interface wrinkling, expansion force, and safety during charging and discharging. The cell has a main body with thinner and thicker regions. A compressible buffer pad is wrapped around the main body. The pad has thicker and thinner sections matching the main body thicknesses. This provides a uniformly thick cell with the thinned regions filled. It prevents wrinkling during expansion. The pad compresses to absorb expansion force and reduce stress between cells.

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Lithium battery separator that combines the benefits of polymer separators and solid ceramic electrolytes for improved battery performance. The separator is a three-layer structure with ceramic electrolyte coatings on either side of a polymer separator. The ceramic layers, made of materials like lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), provide high ionic conductivity, stability, and prevent dendrite formation. The polymer separator provides flexibility and mechanical strength. The hybrid separator shows better electrolyte uptake, ionic conductivity, interface stability, cycle life, and voltage polarization compared to regular polymer separators.

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Scalable continuous fabrication process for all-solid-state batteries using zig-zag stacking of bendable electrodes. The process involves stacking alternating continuous anode and cathode electrodes in a zig-zag pattern instead of punched sheets. This allows scalable production of ASSB cells with improved mechanical flexibility. The continuous electrodes have current collectors and active materials on both sides. A sulfide electrolyte layer is applied between adjacent electrodes. The zig-zag stacking provides high speed, accurate positioning, and reduced cost compared to punching individual sheets.

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A battery module design and bracing method for solid state batteries to maintain consistent cell tension during charging and discharging. The module has variable spacing between compression plates based on cell size changes during charge/discharge. This allows precise adjustment of cell tension in different states to prevent performance degradation. The variable spacing is achieved by having flexible cells that expand/contract during charge/discharge. Compression plates with adjustable gaps compress the cells at all states. This prevents cell buckling or misalignment as the cells expand during charge.

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Multiphase thin film solid-state electrolytes for solid-state batteries that have improved properties like stability, compatibility with Li metal, density, and strength compared to conventional single-phase garnet electrolytes. The multiphase electrolytes contain a primary cubic lithium-stuffed garnet phase with a secondary phase inclusion. The cubic garnet phase is present at 70-99.9% volume, while the secondary phase is 30-0.1% volume. The multiphase structure provides better properties for solid-state batteries compared to single-phase garnet electrolytes.

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Composite solid-state battery electrolyte that improves cycling stability and reduces short circuiting compared to pure sulfide electrolytes. The composite electrolyte has a sulfide electrolyte, a polymer electrolyte, and a functional additive material with a specific structure. The functional additive coats the sulfide electrolyte surface to prevent polymer contact and degradation during battery cycling. The composite electrolyte is made by mixing the sulfide, additive, and solvent, removing the solvent, and then mixing with the polymer electrolyte.

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Battery electrodes with improved stability and performance for metal-ion batteries like lithium-ion batteries. The electrodes contain composites of sulfur, lithium sulfide (Li2S), or other metal sulfides, along with conductive carbon. The carbon is embedded in the core of the composite. The electrodes also have a protective layer formed during battery operation via electrolyte decomposition. This layer slows further electrolyte decomposition or reduces reactions between the active material and solvent. The composite formation involves dissolving the sulfide in a solvent, then evaporating it to form particles. The solvent extraction allows uniform size and distribution of the sulfide particles. The hierarchical protective shells on the particles further improve stability by providing multiple levels of protection if outer shells fail.

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A positive electrode, electrode, and secondary battery design to improve cycle life, discharge rate, and low temperature performance of solid-state batteries. The electrode contains positive electrode active material particles, polymer fibers with 1-100 nm diameter, and inorganic solid particles. The polymer fibers help prevent expansion/contraction of the active material during charge/discharge cycles, reducing resistance and cycle degradation. The inorganic solid particles further enhance cycle life and performance by reducing electrode-electrolyte interface resistance. The composite electrolyte layer between the electrodes contains nanofiber dispersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution.

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Positive electrode sheet for high energy density, high rate, long cycle life, and safe secondary batteries. The sheet has a core-shell structured positive electrode active material with an inner core of Li1+xMn1-yAyP1-zRzO4 coated with pyrophosphate and phosphate layers. This improves stability, suppresses manganese dissolution, and promotes lithium ion transport compared to pure LiMnPO4. The sheet can have single or multi-layer construction with the core-shell active material and additional layers of the second positive electrode material like LiNixCobMnO2. The multi-layer configuration allows optimizing properties like rate performance, cycling stability, and safety.

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Secondary battery with high energy density, power performance, and safety. The battery has a thin negative electrode collector to increase capacity, but reduces internal resistance and heat generation compared to thicker collectors. This is achieved by adding a compound between the negative electrode layers that forms a low impedance interface film. The compound composition and negative electrode thickness are optimized to balance capacity increase, interface impedance reduction, and safety. The positive electrode thickness, elongation, and compaction density are also controlled.

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A lithium secondary battery design with improved energy density and durability compared to conventional pouch cells. The battery has an electrode assembly with protruding electrode taps, surrounded by a case and an electrode tap receptor. The receptor houses the protruding taps and has a gas barrier layer to prevent gas ingress/egress. This eliminates the need for sealing protrusions on the case. The barrier receptor improves energy density by avoiding internal space loss. It also prevents gas ingress/egress through the taps, improving stability.

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Solid electrolyte composition for all-solid state secondary batteries that improves interfacial resistance between solid particles and collectors. The composition contains an inorganic solid electrolyte, binder particles with specific surface properties, and a dispersion medium. The binder particles have a polymer with an SP value of 10.5 cal/cm^3/2 or more and an average diameter of 10-50,000 nm. This composition provides favorable wettability, bonding, and resistance suppression for all-solid state batteries.

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An all-solid-state battery system that maintains uniform pressure inside the battery during charging and discharging to prevent cell expansion and contraction issues. The system uses a closed chamber filled with pressurizing fluid to apply isostatic pressure to all cells. A state detector monitors battery conditions. A controller adjusts temperature and fluid flow rates to keep pressure within a range based on cell state. This prevents volume changes from affecting cell pressurization.

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Lithium battery with improved cycle life and storage performance at high operating voltages by using a positive electrode material with large particle size to stabilize the interface and prevent deterioration. The positive electrode active material is single crystal or single crystal-like particles with a size of 1-20 μm, preferably 3-15 μm. This large particle size reduces the specific surface area to minimize side reactions at the interface, improving cycle life and storage performance.

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Secondary battery with improved energy density, cycling performance and storage stability. The battery uses a specific composition of electrolyte for lithium-rich olivine-structured phosphate positive electrode materials. The electrolyte contains a first solvent that improves kinetics of the electrolyte and battery. However, the first solvent reduces at the negative electrode and can cause gassing and capacity decay. To balance, a coefficient is used to ensure the kinetic performance of the electrolyte is greater than or equal to the requirement of the positive electrode. This prevents poor kinetics from high coating weight/density positive electrodes. The electrolyte also contains an inorganic additive that forms a stable SEI layer at the negative electrode. This reduces damage from solvent decomposition products. The additive also improves high-temp performance.

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All solid-state lithium ion batteries with improved ionic conductivity by optimizing the particle size and shape of the inorganic solid electrolyte material. The particles are made by milling the electrolyte with specific filling percentages and crushing media to achieve particles with restricted surface unevenness. This prevents grain boundary resistance and improves ionic conductivity compared to conventionally milled particles. The optimized particles can be used in the electrode layers of the battery to provide better ionic conduction.

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Electrode for all-solid-state batteries with reduced interfacial resistance between the electrode and the solid electrolyte layer. The electrode is manufactured by coating a preliminary electrode active material layer on the current collector, followed by a step of coating a solid electrolyte layer on the preliminary electrode active material layer. This results in an electrode with a lower porosity compared to conventional electrodes. The reduced porosity improves the interfacial resistance between the active material and the solid electrolyte, leading to better battery performance.

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Monolithic ceramic electrochemical cell for solid-state lithium-ion batteries with integrated electrodes and separator. The cell has a ceramic housing with interconnected electrode spaces. The electrodes have 3D porous structures with conducting networks on sidewalls. The separator is solid ceramic. During charging, lithium forms in the anode space and ions move through the ceramic separator. This eliminates the need for liquid electrolyte and prevents dendrite growth. The 3D porous electrodes improve performance by enhancing lithium ion and electron access. The monolithic design allows hermetic sealing of the anode.

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Bipolar batteries with solid-state electrolytes that enable high-voltage operation without internal seals. The batteries have multiple bipolar electrodes sandwiched between electrolyte layers, with terminal electrodes on the ends. The electrolyte is a solid ionically conductive polymer that allows ions to diffuse through in the glassy state. This allows the battery to operate at high voltages without needing liquid electrolytes or seals. The polymer electrolyte can be synthesized by mixing a polymer, dopant, and ionic compound, then heating to form the solid ionically conductive material.

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All solid-state battery module with temperature and charge state dependent pressure control to stabilize performance. The battery module has cells sandwiched between pressure plates. A controller adjusts the pressure force based on the battery temperature and state of charge. This allows optimizing internal resistance for charge and discharge efficiency across temperature and charge levels.

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Secondary battery with improved cycle life and energy density for applications like electric vehicles. The battery uses a specific type of lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode material that contains projections with elements like Hf, V, Nb, Zr, Ce, and Sm. These projections help stabilize the lithium cobalt oxide structure during charging and discharging to prevent capacity fade and cracking. The projections can also contain additives like Mg, F, and Ni. The method involves mixing lithium cobalt oxide with metal alkoxides containing these elements and heating to form the projections.

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Battery pack design with a compact, planar interface module to connect electrochemical cells without shorting them, while also providing thermal management. The interface module has a thin, conformal shape that fits flush against the tops of the cells. It uses bus bars with voltage sensing leads to connect the cell terminals. This avoids shorting the cells. The bus bars are supported by an insulating base. The module also has thermistors on some bus bars to measure cell temperatures. This allows distributed temperature monitoring without extra sensors per cell.

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Electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries that improves lifespan and performance of high-voltage cathodes and silicon anodes. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt, solvent, and functional additive. The functional additive is a combination of high-voltage additives. One additive stabilizes the cathode electrolyte interface at high voltages. The other additive stabilizes the anode electrolyte interface. This simultaneous stabilization prevents capacity fade and degradation in high-capacity cathodes and silicon anodes.

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Bipolar battery design using solid-state ionically conductive polymer electrolytes to enable high voltage operation without the need for internal sealing mechanisms. The bipolar battery has alternating electrode layers with solid polymer electrolyte layers sandwiched between them. This allows multiple cells in series without the need for separator layers or internal seals. The solid electrolyte material has mobile ions in the glassy state at room temperature. It is synthesized by mixing a polymer, dopant, and ionic compound.

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Solid-state batteries with improved performance by using interlayers between the solid-state electrolyte and electrodes. The interlayer is made of a different solid electrolyte material than the main electrolyte. This improves interfacial compatibility and reduces parasitic currents compared to using only the main electrolyte. The interlayer thickness is 0.1-8 microns. The interlayer can cover 50-100% of the electrode surface. The interlayer can have through-holes.

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Formation method for a storage battery electrode with improved strength and interfacial bonding between the active material and current collector. The method involves modifying a polymer in the electrode, like PVdF, by eliminating fluorine groups to form a polyene or aromatic structure. This increases interaction with graphene-containing materials. Reducing agents can further modify graphene-based materials. By combining these modifications, electrodes are formed with improved strength, reduced interface resistance, and enhanced interfacial bonding. This allows higher capacity per volume batteries with reduced degradation.

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Preparing a lithium battery positive electrode material with improved cycling stability and capacity retention by coating a monocrystalline ternary cathode core with a thin shell of manganese metal organic framework (Mn-MOF). The core is made using a precursor with high nickel and low manganese content. The Mn-MOF shell is synthesized separately using manganese and a carboxylate compound. The coating method involves dispersing the Mn-MOF nanoparticles onto the cathode core particles followed by calcination to form the coated cathode material. The MOF shell provides stability and prevents detrimental phase transitions during cycling, improving cycle life compared to uncoated cathodes.

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Electrode layer for all-solid state batteries that improves capacity retention. The electrode layer contains an electrode active material, a sulfide solid electrolyte, and a residual liquid. The residual liquid has a low cohesion energy density (delta P < 2.9 MPa½) and a high boiling point (190°C or higher). This reduces cracking and deterioration of the sulfide electrolyte while maintaining ionic conductivity.

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Composite aerogel material for high-energy density solid-state batteries that addresses the volume expansion issue of silicon anodes. The composite aerogel has a 3D carbonized porous structure with dispersed silicon nanoparticles. The silicon nanoparticles make up at least 70% of the composite aerogel. This provides a battery anode with high silicon content and reduced volume expansion compared to pure silicon. The carbonized aerogel structure provides structural stability to accommodate the silicon expansion.

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All-solid-state battery design with improved durability by preventing non-uniform lithium deposition and dendrite growth. The battery has a planar shape with a specific area-to-perimeter ratio of 0.7 or less. This prevents lithium from concentrating at the edges due to higher surface energy, which can cause short circuits and dead lithium. By reducing the perimeter relative to the area, lithium ions are less inclined to migrate to the edges and deposit uniformly.

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Making solid-state lithium-ion batteries with improved performance and stability. The batteries have an electrode-electrolyte composite that forms during manufacture. The composite is made by applying an electrolyte directly to the electrode layer containing a cathode active material, lithiated ionomer, and conductive additive. The electrolyte composition is a mixture of lithiated perfluorosulfonic acid and solvent. Incubating the mixture improves interfacial durability and stability. This composite electrode-electrolyte interface reduces lithium ion transport resistance and enables higher cathode loading for better energy density.

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An all-solid-state battery with a protective exterior that suppresses moisture ingress. The battery has an exterior made of a combination of glass and crystalline materials. This allows the battery to be mounted on circuit boards using reflow techniques since the exterior transforms from a moldable state to a solid state during curing. The glass and crystalline materials in the exterior prevent moisture permeation into the battery. This enables all-solid-state batteries to be used in devices like wearables, IoT devices, sensors, and electric vehicles without the need for encapsulation or sealing.

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An anode for an all-solid-state battery with improved lithium intercalation/deintercalation properties. The anode has an anode active material containing a carbon-based material, and a deposition layer of a metal that forms an alloy with lithium on the surface of the carbon-based material. This layer allows better lithium transport between the electrolyte and the carbon-based material compared to pure carbon. The alloy formed by the metal and lithium is stable at battery operating conditions. The alloying metal coating on the carbon improves lithium intercalation/deintercalation efficiency, especially at low temperatures where lithium movement is limited.

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Solid state batteries with improved energy density, flexibility, and safety compared to conventional solid state batteries. The batteries use a melt-infiltration process to incorporate a high volume fraction of active material into the electrodes, rather than mixing powders. A liquid electrolyte composition is infiltrated into the electrodes or separator at elevated temperatures when molten. This allows higher active material loading and thinner electrolyte layers. It also enables using thermally stable polymer separators instead of porous ceramics. The process improves rate performance, energy density, and flexibility compared to conventional solid state batteries.

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Solid electrolyte for all-solid batteries with improved electrochemical stability compared to conventional sulfide-based solid electrolytes. The solid electrolyte contains a nitrogen-doped sulfide composition with the general formula Li6-xPS5-yNzClx. It has improved stability due to the addition of Li3N, which replaces some of the Li2S. This composition allows substitution of up to 25 mol % Li3N without losing the argyrodite crystal structure. This provides stable electrolyte crystallinity and improved stability compared to higher Li3N substitution levels in related sulfide electrolytes.

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Nitrogen-doped sulfide-based solid electrolyte for all-solid batteries with improved electrochemical stability. The solid electrolyte has a composition containing Li2S, P2S5, LiX (halogen), and Li3N. The nitrogen doping improves stability compared to pure sulfide electrolytes. The composition allows high nitrogen substitution while maintaining the argyrodite crystal structure. This provides stable solid electrolyte properties for all-solid batteries.

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Operating lithium metal and anode-free cells in a repeatable manner to achieve cycle life and energy density requirements. The method involves connecting the cells in series in modules and controlling charging/discharging using bi-directional DC-DC converters. This allows independent cell measurement and repeatable stopping at defined SOC limits. By leaving some charge in anode-free cells to prevent dendrite growth, it enables practical use. This reduces gas generation, swelling, and failure compared to fully depleting.

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Monolithic ceramic electrochemical cell housing for high energy density solid-state batteries with integrated electron conductive circuits. The housing is made by additive manufacturing precursor materials into a single monolithic structure without physical interfaces between layers. This allows eliminating the drawbacks of assembling cells from ceramic sheets with their final properties. The cell design has anode and cathode receptive spaces with integrated current collectors, separator, and porous ceramic electrolyte that forms a fully interconnected ionic conductive web. This allows lithium plating in the hermetically sealed anode space while maintaining ionic conductivity across the cell regardless of state of charge.

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Battery design to prevent internal displacement of the active material and electrodes during operation. The battery uses a laminate film with an inner terminal electrode that engages with an uneven surface on the metal layer. The inner terminal electrode and metal layer each have rough surfaces that interlock over the contact area. This prevents the terminal electrode from sliding inside the battery during cycling and improves reliability compared to adhesives.

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Smart rechargeable energy storage device like electric vehicle batteries with improved performance, safety, and sustainability using pure organic carbon-based graphene. The device uses graphene as the active material in the electrodes and electrolyte instead of traditional materials like lead, graphite, and liquid electrolytes. This provides higher energy density, faster charging, eliminates safety hazards, and enables solid-state batteries. The graphene-based electrodes improve ion transport and eliminate dendrite formation. The graphene electrolyte prevents short-circuiting and improves stability. The device also has smart thermal management and heat sensors for safe operation.

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Polymer gel electrolyte for lithium metal batteries that improves oxidation stability, reduces dendrite formation, and prevents lithium plating. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt, ether-based solvent, nitrate, and a cross-linking agent. The nitrate forms a stable film on the electrode surface and the ether solvent improves compatibility with lithium metal. The cross-linking agent creates a gel electrolyte. A protective layer between the anode and separator contains nanofibers with oxide particles having double bonds. This provides a stable interface and suppresses dendrites.

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Solid-state battery cells with shape-memory alloy (SMA) components to mitigate capacity decay during cycling due to volume changes and delamination. SMA sheets are used as current collectors, cell spacers, or end plates to accommodate volume expansion of the active materials during charge/discharge. The SMA sheets undergo stress-induced martensitic transformations to expand or contract thickness in response to battery volume changes. This allows the SMA to constrain the active material expansion and prevent delamination. The SMA sheets can also be incorporated into the cell stack as flat spacers between cells to maintain uniform pressure.

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All-solid-state battery with uniform lithium deposition and improved durability by balancing the binding forces at the interfaces between the functional layer, solid electrolyte, and anode current collector. The binding force ratio between the second interface (functional layer-anode) and first interface (functional layer-solid electrolyte) is 0.6 or higher to prevent lithium concentration gradients and uneven deposition. The uniform lithium deposition helps avoid dendrite growth and improves battery life.

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Thin film solid-state electrolyte for solid-state batteries with improved properties like stability, compatibility with lithium metal, and processability. The electrolyte is a multiphase film containing a primary cubic lithium-stuffed garnet phase with secondary inclusions. The primary phase is a lithium-stuffed garnet with composition LiALaBAlcM″DZrEOF where A, B, C, D, E, F, M″ are specific values. The secondary inclusions are other phases like tetragonal garnet, lithium aluminate, etc. The primary phase is present at 70-99.9% volume and the secondary phase at 30-0.1% volume. This multiphase composition provides stability, chemical compatibility, mechanical strength, and sinterability for solid-state batteries.

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