General Motors BMS Architecture

High energy density liquid-cooled energy storage system with active balancing BMS that optimizes temperature control for improved battery performance and life. The active balancing strategy uses a model of the battery pack based on intelligent agent prototypes to select the optimal balancing strategy for temperature balancing given the current battery state and environment. This strategy is then converted into specific cooling instructions to achieve uniform pack temperature.

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Battery management system for electric vehicles that improves reliability of battery strings by selectively isolating faulty modules. Each battery module has a series switch and a bypass switch. The management module monitors the modules and keeps the series switches closed and bypass switches open for normal operation. If a fault is detected in a module, the management module closes the bypass switch to isolate the faulty module while keeping the series switch open to maintain charge balance in the other modules. This allows continued use of the remaining healthy modules while isolating the faulty one.

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A reference electrode assembly for secondary lithium ion batteries that can be integrated into commercial battery cells for real-time monitoring and optimization of charging and discharging. The assembly has a porous membrane with a carbon layer and a reference electrode layer deposited on one side. The carbon layer provides conductivity to an external connector tab, allowing the reference electrode potential to be measured. This enables individual electrode potentials and state of charge monitoring during cycling. The carbon layer facilitates manufacturing using printing techniques.

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Determining the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of a mixed chemistry battery having modules with different chemistries connected in series. The SOC of the battery module is calculated based on the SOC of a reference module with a chemistry that has a distinct voltage variation. If the estimated battery SOC is within a tolerance of the reference SOC, it is set equal to the reference SOC. This provides accurate SOC determination for chemistries like LFP that have flat voltage curves. The battery SOH is also calculated using the reference SOC.

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Advanced battery management system for electric vehicles that optimizes battery performance, safety, and lifespan through sophisticated monitoring, control, and communication techniques. The system continuously monitors voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge of each battery cell. It analyzes this data to determine cell health and performance. Based on the analysis, it regulates charging and discharging of the cells to optimize battery life and vehicle performance. It also implements safety measures to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway. The system communicates real-time battery data to remote servers for monitoring and analysis.

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Intelligent multi-loop electric vehicle thermal management system that optimizes cooling and heating of battery pack, drivetrain, cabin, and charging components in an integrated and coordinated way. The system uses interconnected circuits with valves, pumps, and expansion devices to balance temperature and energy efficiency. It enables features like balancing battery cell temps, using waste heat from the motor to heat the battery, and leveraging cabin air conditioning to cool the battery pack. This avoids over-reliance on separate systems like battery radiators and cabin AC that can have negative impacts on overall vehicle efficiency.

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Managing thermal propagation in battery electric vehicles with modular battery packs to prevent runaway thermal events from spreading and disabling the entire pack. The vehicle has multiple distinct battery cell module groups, each separately providing power. A controller monitors the groups, detects abnormal events, and responds like controlling cooling, limiting operation, or pulling over. This isolates failures to prevent propagation instead of full pack shutdown.

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A vehicle battery system with parallel connected high-voltage modules to enable fast charging and discharging without overheating. The system uses multiple parallel-connected battery modules, each with a rated voltage over 200V, to distribute the load and current. The modules have independent balancing, charging, and thermal management. This avoids the need for a central control BMS and large currents through it. The modules balance voltages, actively balance cells, and manage temperatures separately.

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Battery temperature regulation using anisotropic materials like graphite to create controllable temperature regions inside batteries and packs. The anisotropic materials like graphite foils are sandwiched between structural layers in the battery. When current flows, the graphite heats up due to anisotropic thermal conductivity. When current stops, the graphite cools passively. This provides localized heating and cooling to prevent issues like lithium plating and uneven wear. The anisotropic materials can be grouped and independently controlled for customized temperature profiles.

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A battery system and control method to detect and handle thermal runaway in a multi-cell battery pack with integrated cell sense circuits. The method involves a two-level logic executed by the battery controller. During low power/off mode, a first level runs continuously in the battery control module to monitor cell data from embedded cell measurement units. It uses variable sampling rates based on battery state. If a cell shows anomalous data, the second level is triggered to diagnose and mitigate a possible thermal runaway. This second level runs in the cell measurement units during normal battery operation. It uses faster sampling rates and more detailed analysis to quickly detect and respond to thermal runaway.

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Battery pack thermal management system that enables precise temperature control of individual cells in a battery pack. The system uses separate detection devices for each cell to monitor internal parameters like temperature, voltage, current. A control device connects to the cell detection and the heat exchanger. It uses the cell data to selectively cool or heat cells through the exchanger. This allows regulating cell temperatures independently instead of whole pack regulation.

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A system to prevent battery packs from thermal runaway and explosions in electric vehicles. The system helps the battery management system (BMS) by adding external modules to intervene and mitigate runaway events. When the BMS detects a battery is at risk of runaway, an energy output control module isolates that battery and actively discharges it. This releases energy from the faulty battery to prevent it from overheating. The energy consumption module then takes excess charge from other batteries to balance the pack. Finally, a cooling module cools the pack to further delay runaway. The external modules intervene to isolate, discharge, and cool the pack to prevent thermal runaway domino effects and explosions.

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Intelligent lithium battery control system that improves performance, reliability, and safety of lithium battery packs used in electric vehicles, drones, and energy storage systems. The system monitors battery status, optimizes charge/discharge strategies, predicts battery health, manages power peaks, balances energy use, provides remote monitoring, and implements short circuit protection. Algorithmic optimization, temperature management, and data analysis enhance battery performance and longevity.

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Detecting and mitigating thermal runaway in vehicle battery packs to prevent cell short circuits from causing fires. The method involves monitoring cell voltage and temperature at regular intervals. If voltage decreases with modulation coinciding with temperature rise, it indicates a cell short. Further analysis using wavelet transforms and power spectra is done to confirm thermal runaway. Alarms are triggered when spectra exceed thresholds. Mitigation actions like stopping charge, releasing pressure, cooling, and notifications are initiated.

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Distributed feedback control system for monitoring battery modules and attendant hardware of wireless battery management systems. The system allows remote monitoring of battery modules and packs without manual connection. It uses a manager device that selects modules to collect data from. The manager connects wirelessly to the modules using their unique IDs. It downloads device data and switches operating modes. This enables simultaneous wireless monitoring of multiple modules without manual plugging.

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A dynamic control system for battery cells that accurately and efficiently maintains cell temperature, voltage, and current during charging and discharging to mitigate aging and capacity loss. It uses reduced order models of electrochemistry and heat generation, feedback control, model predictive control, and feed-forward control to dynamically set target parameters and control a heat exchanger like a heat pump. The system monitors cell parameters, generates internal variables, estimates heat generation, calculates work needed, and sets heat pump parameters to meet the target. This allows precise and real-time control of cell temperature, voltage, and current during charging/discharging without external cooling.

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A cooling system for electric vehicles that selectively cools components like batteries without wasting energy. The system uses multiple low temperature radiators, valves, and separate coolant circuits for the battery and the rest of the vehicle. A controller routes coolant flow through the radiators based on ambient temperature, comparing it to target ranges. This allows selectively cooling the battery when needed without always cooling the whole vehicle. This improves efficiency compared to constantly cooling the entire vehicle.

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Battery power supply with intelligent battery management and compensation technology for critical applications like backup power in fire trucks, etc. The system uses multiple battery packs and a central controller to maintain power when individual packs fail. If a pack has issues, the controller detects it and switches to a healthy pack. This prevents complete power loss when packs fail. The controller also balances pack voltages during charging to prevent unbalanced aging. By monitoring pack health and switching as needed, it ensures continuous power even if packs fail or are replaced.

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Battery pack with improved thermal management for extended life and safety. The pack has multiple features to manage heat in each cell. It uses a detection mechanism to monitor cell temperatures. A temperature limiter switch controls cell operation based on the temperature readings. An equalizer device adjusts heat balance between cells. This allows fine-grained temperature control for each cell instead of just system cooling. It prevents hot spots and thermal runaway. The pack also has a cooling plate to remove excess heat.

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Intelligent battery charging system for electric vehicles that predicts and mitigates charging behavior to extend battery life. The system monitors battery state of charge (SOC) and temperature during charging. It tracks low and high SOC excursions, charging at low temperatures, and time at high temperatures. If these exceed thresholds, it instructs the driver to limit charging outside those ranges. This prevents excessive cycling and temperature extremes that degrade battery life. The system also calculates risk based on charge history and provides feedback to the driver.

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