Hybrid Thermal Management Systems for EV Batteries

Thermal management system for electric vehicles that can efficiently cool high-power batteries and motors to enable fast charging and high performance. The system has separate loops for battery and motor cooling. The motor loop can bypass the condenser for higher flow rate cooling when needed. This allows satisfying cooling requirements for high-power motors under fast charging conditions. A switch element can open/close the bypass to balance cooling between loops.

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Integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles that uses a heat pump unit and a thermal management unit to efficiently regulate the temperatures of the battery pack, electrical components, and cabin air conditioning. The system uses a refrigerant-cooled water heat exchanger to transfer heat between the refrigerant and water. This allows the water to be selectively routed to the battery pack, components, and air conditioner based on driving conditions. The system has valves to adjust refrigerant and water flow patterns for optimal thermal management modes.

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Vehicle thermal management system for electric vehicles that provides efficient cooling, heating, and battery temperature control. The system uses separate refrigerant and coolant loops to cool the cabin, components, battery, and charge rapidly. It integrates refrigerant components like compressor, condenser, and chiller with a coolant loop through the cabin, radiator, battery, and components. A valve allows selective coolant flow through the chiller and battery. This allows simultaneous cabin and battery cooling, separate battery cooling, and battery heat absorption modes. The refrigerant loop only absorbs heat from air and components. The coolant loop provides independent cooling, heating, and dehumidification. It also enables battery rapid charging without refrigerant. The system reduces compressor power, complexity, and cost compared to direct heat pump systems.

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A thermal management system for electric and hybrid vehicles that efficiently controls temperatures of vehicle components like the battery, powertrain, and cabin while reducing packaging size and cost compared to separate systems. The system uses a flexible thermal unit (FTU) that integrates components for controlling coolant and refrigerant flow between systems like the battery, drivetrain, and cabin air. This allows thermal management of multiple subsystems from a single device, reducing packaging requirements and costs while increasing function and performance.

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Air-cooled resistor arrangement for electric vehicles that allows efficient dissipation of braking regenerative energy when the battery is fully charged. The resistor has two parallel airflow channels with an air dilution section between them. The main airflow channel houses the resistor element. The dilution section has openings connecting the channels. This allows controlled mixing of the airflows to dilute the main channel air with cooler air from the secondary channel. This prevents overheating of the resistor when high power is dissipated during braking. The resistor is integrated into the vehicle's cooling system.

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A thermal management system for fuel cell electric vehicles that efficiently controls temperatures of the fuel cells, battery, power electronics, and cabin to optimize performance and durability. The system uses three separate coolant circuits: one for the fuel cells, one for the battery/power electronics, and one for the cabin. This allows using different coolant types and temperatures for each circuit. The circuits are interconnected to enable heat transfer between components. A control system manages the coolant flow rates and temperatures based on operating conditions to maintain the components within their optimal ranges.

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The transition toward sustainable mobility necessitates intelligent thermal energy management strategies, especially in solar-assisted hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) where fluctuating solar input and dynamic operational loads challenge system efficiency. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework integrating algorithmic intelligence social pedagogy to optimize storage (TES) using nano-enhanced phase change materials (Nano-PCMs). application of advanced computational techniquessuch as genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, optimization modelsenables precise control real-time adaptation TES performance under variable environmental conditions. synergistic incorporation Nano-PCMs significantly enhances the conductivity density systems, supporting efficient heat absorption release during vehicular operation. integration pedagogical perspectives ensures user-centric design societal alignment, enhancing both functional reliability public acceptance. also explores adaptive regulation strategies based on irradiance variability, predictive modeling for battery temperature cont... Read More

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This study presents an experimental investigation of a novel hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates solenoid-actuated Peltier-based heat sink with CuO/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluid coolant loop. The delivers on-demand cooling through time-controlled thermoelectric operation, enhancing temperature regulation during surges. Experiments were conducted CuO nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% (vol.) and flow rates 1 5 LPM, at inlet 50C ambient 26C. Performance metrics such as drop, transfer rate, overall coefficient analyzed. Results showed maximum enhancement 40.63% (tube-side) 38.64% (air-side) CuO. Compared conventional liquid system, the setup demonstrated 7.01% higher rate improved variation control (up 28.53%). Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis demonstrates 25%30% reduction in long-term costs 36% life extension, supporting systems economic viability. scalable, energy-efficient BTMS offers promising solution for advanced electric vehicles requiring high-precision control.

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Using a compressor in a vehicle's refrigerant system to provide heat boost for cabin and battery heating without supplemental heaters when ambient temperatures are low. The compressor initially recirculates refrigerant to increase pressure, then switches to circulating refrigerant to transfer heat to cabin and battery systems. This allows heating from compressor work conversion when ambient temperatures are low.

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Heat pump system for vehicles that improves efficiency, simplifies design, and enhances battery performance. The system uses a single chiller to adjust battery temperature and recycle waste heat from components. A valve selectively connects cooling circuits for components and interior. This allows optimizing battery cooling while recycling electrical component waste heat to interior. The valve forms multiple coolant loops based on vehicle mode.

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Battery module with improved cooling performance for applications like electric vehicles. The module has a heat sink integrated into the lower frame to directly cool the battery cells. The heat sink has a flow path for refrigerant. The flow path has longer parallel paths between the cells versus perpendicular paths. This configuration allows direct cooling of the cells with better cooling efficiency compared to indirect cooling through a separate heat sink. The integrated heat sink also improves space utilization compared to a separate heat sink.

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A thermal management system for electrified vehicles that efficiently manages heating and cooling of the battery and cabin using a combination of a glycol system and a refrigeration system. The system has valves to connect and isolate loops for the battery, power electronics, radiator, and cabin heating. By separating components of similar operating temperatures and allowing heat transfer between them, it reduces energy consumption and hardware compared to a single system. The glycol system actively heats the cabin, while the refrigerant system actively chills the battery and power electronics. Valve configurations allow optimization under different vehicle conditions.

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Abstract Multi-objective optimization is vital for a hybrid cylindrical Li-ion battery thermal management system to balance multiple competing goals. However, this has not been explored ternary nanofluid-cooled microchannel-integrated foam-enhanced phase change material packs. Some key design parameters and objectives were also neglected in previous optimizations. Hence, the high-fidelity numerical model developed multi-objective of (coolant inlet temperature, mass flow rate, microchannel spacing metal foam porosity). Response surface methodology employed explore balanced compromise solutions conflicting objectives, including minimization maximum temperature difference, uniformity entropy generation. The results reveal that are most influential factors managing temperature. Higher porosity enhances uniformity. Optimizing crucial reducing irreversibility. Optimized 300.875 K, rate 0.2075 g/s, 6.75 mm, 60% yield 308.95 difference 3.1655 0.4173 K generation 3.98 W/K. findings highlight importance strategically optimizing achieve optimal performance, reduced generation, improved cooling ... Read More

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In the context of global energy transition, thermal management electric vehicle batteries faces severe challenges due to temperature rise and consumption under dynamic operating conditions. Traditional strategies rely on real-time feedback suffer from response lag efficiency imbalance. this study, we propose a neural network-based synergistic optimization method for driving conditions prediction management, which collects multi-scenario real-vehicle data (358 60-s condition segments) by naturalistic collection method, extracts four typical (congestion, highway, urban, suburbia) combining with K-means clustering, constructs BP (backpropagation network) model (20 neurons in input layer 60 output layer) predict speed next s. Based results, coupled PID control mechanism dynamically adjusts coolant flow rate (maximum reduction 17.6%), reduces maximum battery 3.8 C, difference 0.3 standard deviation fluctuation at ambient temperatures 25~40 C is 0.2 AMESim simulation experimental validation. The results show that strategy significantly improves safety system economy complex working pro... Read More

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Integrated thermal management system for a fuel cell vehicle that improves overall energy efficiency by allowing independent thermal management of components like the fuel cell, battery, electric parts, and indoor air conditioning, and integrating the cooling/heating circuits. It uses a common coolant loop for fuel cell cooling, a separate battery chiller, an air conditioning refrigerant loop, and a shared chiller. This allows optimal cooling/heating for each component while leveraging shared resources.

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Heat pump system for battery electric vehicles that provides efficient heating and cooling for the cabin and battery. The system uses a heat pump with parallel cooling and heating loops. The main refrigerant loop cools the cabin using an external heat exchanger. Parallel loops draw heat from the battery and drive train. In cooling mode, the battery and drive train loops are bypassed. In heating mode, the battery and drive train loops are active. This allows efficient heating from ambient air, battery, and drive train sources. The parallel loops reduce pressure drop compared to serially connecting all heat sources.

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The thermal management system (TMS) of electric vehicles (EVs) plays a pivotal role in vehicle performance, driving range, battery lifespan, and passenger comfort. Precise control compressor speed, informed by real-time sensor data, is essential for improving TMS efficiency extending EV range. This study proposes strategy based on the PID Search Algorithm (PSA), ensuring optimal an integrated cabin TMS. A co-simulation platform combining AMESim Simulink developed validation, utilizing various sensors to monitor performance. Simulations are conducted under target temperatures 20 C 25 replicate operating conditions. optimized compared with most commonly used controllers, fuzzy strategies. results demonstrate that PSA-Optimized significantly outperforms other three For C, shows minimal temperature overshoot 0.012 COP improvements 0.06, 0.04, 0.03 strategies, respectively. further reduced 0.010 while coefficient performance (COP) increases 0.14, 0.01, 0.07 relative same benchmarks. Overall, indicate effectively utilizes data reduce overshoot, stabilize speed fluctuations, slow decay ... Read More

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Electric vehicle thermal management system that improves safety and efficiency compared to traditional systems. The system has two loops for cooling/heating the battery and driving motor. A release mechanism allows converging the two loops when a battery thermal runaway occurs, with both fluids released into the battery to cool/extinguish it. During normal operation, a heat exchanger transfers heat from the driving motor to the battery loop. This uses motor waste heat to warm the battery instead of external power.

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To address the challenges of high flow resistance and poor temperature uniformity in conventional PCMliquid cooling hybrid heat exchangerswhich significantly impair performance lifespan electronic devicesa topology optimization approach was adopted. A dual-objective function, aimed at minimizing average pressure drop, introduced to reconstruct channel layout PCM filling region. two-dimensional transient thermo-fluid model coupling solidliquid phase-change process with coolant transfer established, alongside development an experimental platform. comprehensive comparison performed against a liquid plate straight channels. The results showed that topology-optimized exhibited drop 15.80 Pa pumping power 1.19 104 W, representing reductions 38.28% 38.02%, respectively. solidification time shortened by 6 min. Under these conditions, convective coefficient (hw) evaluation criterion (j/f) optimized reached 1319.06 W/(m2K) 0.56, which corresponded increases 60.71% 47.5%, configuration improved overall performance. As inlet velocity increased from 0.05 m/s 0.2 m/s, hw 38.65%... Read More

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This study presents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) to optimize energy efficiency while maintaining battery temperature within optimal range. Due complexity of BTMS dynamics, high-fidelity model was developed using MATLAB/Simscape(2021a), and an artificial neural network (ANN)-based designed achieve high accuracy with reduced computational load. To mitigate oscillatory control inputs observed conventional MPC, infinity-horizon MPC framework introduced, incorporating value function that accounts system behavior beyond prediction horizon. The proposed controller evaluated simulation environment against rule-based under varying ambient temperatures. Results demonstrated significant savings, including 78.9% reduction low-temperature conditions, 36% moderate temperatures, 27.8% high-temperature environments. Additionally, effectively stabilized actuator operation, improving longevity. These findings highlight potential ANN-assisted enhancing performance minimizing consumption EVs.

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