Hybrid Thermal Management Systems for EV Batteries

Thermal management system for electric vehicles that can efficiently cool high-power batteries and motors to enable fast charging and high performance. The system has separate loops for battery and motor cooling. The motor loop can bypass the condenser for higher flow rate cooling when needed. This allows satisfying cooling requirements for high-power motors under fast charging conditions. A switch element can open/close the bypass to balance cooling between loops.

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Integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles that uses a heat pump unit and a thermal management unit to efficiently regulate the temperatures of the battery pack, electrical components, and cabin air conditioning. The system uses a refrigerant-cooled water heat exchanger to transfer heat between the refrigerant and water. This allows the water to be selectively routed to the battery pack, components, and air conditioner based on driving conditions. The system has valves to adjust refrigerant and water flow patterns for optimal thermal management modes.

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Vehicle thermal management system for electric vehicles that provides efficient cooling, heating, and battery temperature control. The system uses separate refrigerant and coolant loops to cool the cabin, components, battery, and charge rapidly. It integrates refrigerant components like compressor, condenser, and chiller with a coolant loop through the cabin, radiator, battery, and components. A valve allows selective coolant flow through the chiller and battery. This allows simultaneous cabin and battery cooling, separate battery cooling, and battery heat absorption modes. The refrigerant loop only absorbs heat from air and components. The coolant loop provides independent cooling, heating, and dehumidification. It also enables battery rapid charging without refrigerant. The system reduces compressor power, complexity, and cost compared to direct heat pump systems.

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A thermal management system for electric and hybrid vehicles that efficiently controls temperatures of vehicle components like the battery, powertrain, and cabin while reducing packaging size and cost compared to separate systems. The system uses a flexible thermal unit (FTU) that integrates components for controlling coolant and refrigerant flow between systems like the battery, drivetrain, and cabin air. This allows thermal management of multiple subsystems from a single device, reducing packaging requirements and costs while increasing function and performance.

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Air-cooled resistor arrangement for electric vehicles that allows efficient dissipation of braking regenerative energy when the battery is fully charged. The resistor has two parallel airflow channels with an air dilution section between them. The main airflow channel houses the resistor element. The dilution section has openings connecting the channels. This allows controlled mixing of the airflows to dilute the main channel air with cooler air from the secondary channel. This prevents overheating of the resistor when high power is dissipated during braking. The resistor is integrated into the vehicle's cooling system.

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A thermal management system for fuel cell electric vehicles that efficiently controls temperatures of the fuel cells, battery, power electronics, and cabin to optimize performance and durability. The system uses three separate coolant circuits: one for the fuel cells, one for the battery/power electronics, and one for the cabin. This allows using different coolant types and temperatures for each circuit. The circuits are interconnected to enable heat transfer between components. A control system manages the coolant flow rates and temperatures based on operating conditions to maintain the components within their optimal ranges.

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The transition toward sustainable mobility necessitates intelligent thermal energy management strategies, especially in solar-assisted hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) where fluctuating solar input and dynamic operational loads challenge system efficiency. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework integrating algorithmic intelligence social pedagogy to optimize storage (TES) using nano-enhanced phase change materials (Nano-PCMs). application of advanced computational techniquessuch as genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, optimization modelsenables precise control real-time adaptation TES performance under variable environmental conditions. synergistic incorporation Nano-PCMs significantly enhances the conductivity density systems, supporting efficient heat absorption release during vehicular operation. integration pedagogical perspectives ensures user-centric design societal alignment, enhancing both functional reliability public acceptance. also explores adaptive regulation strategies based on irradiance variability, predictive modeling for battery temperature cont... Read More

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This study presents an experimental investigation of a novel hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates solenoid-actuated Peltier-based heat sink with CuO/ethylene glycol (EG) nanofluid coolant loop. The delivers on-demand cooling through time-controlled thermoelectric operation, enhancing temperature regulation during surges. Experiments were conducted CuO nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% (vol.) and flow rates 1 5 LPM, at inlet 50C ambient 26C. Performance metrics such as drop, transfer rate, overall coefficient analyzed. Results showed maximum enhancement 40.63% (tube-side) 38.64% (air-side) CuO. Compared conventional liquid system, the setup demonstrated 7.01% higher rate improved variation control (up 28.53%). Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis demonstrates 25%30% reduction in long-term costs 36% life extension, supporting systems economic viability. scalable, energy-efficient BTMS offers promising solution for advanced electric vehicles requiring high-precision control.

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Using a compressor in a vehicle's refrigerant system to provide heat boost for cabin and battery heating without supplemental heaters when ambient temperatures are low. The compressor initially recirculates refrigerant to increase pressure, then switches to circulating refrigerant to transfer heat to cabin and battery systems. This allows heating from compressor work conversion when ambient temperatures are low.

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Heat pump system for vehicles that improves efficiency, simplifies design, and enhances battery performance. The system uses a single chiller to adjust battery temperature and recycle waste heat from components. A valve selectively connects cooling circuits for components and interior. This allows optimizing battery cooling while recycling electrical component waste heat to interior. The valve forms multiple coolant loops based on vehicle mode.

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Battery module with improved cooling performance for applications like electric vehicles. The module has a heat sink integrated into the lower frame to directly cool the battery cells. The heat sink has a flow path for refrigerant. The flow path has longer parallel paths between the cells versus perpendicular paths. This configuration allows direct cooling of the cells with better cooling efficiency compared to indirect cooling through a separate heat sink. The integrated heat sink also improves space utilization compared to a separate heat sink.

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A thermal management system for electrified vehicles that efficiently manages heating and cooling of the battery and cabin using a combination of a glycol system and a refrigeration system. The system has valves to connect and isolate loops for the battery, power electronics, radiator, and cabin heating. By separating components of similar operating temperatures and allowing heat transfer between them, it reduces energy consumption and hardware compared to a single system. The glycol system actively heats the cabin, while the refrigerant system actively chills the battery and power electronics. Valve configurations allow optimization under different vehicle conditions.

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Abstract Multi-objective optimization is vital for a hybrid cylindrical Li-ion battery thermal management system to balance multiple competing goals. However, this has not been explored ternary nanofluid-cooled microchannel-integrated foam-enhanced phase change material packs. Some key design parameters and objectives were also neglected in previous optimizations. Hence, the high-fidelity numerical model developed multi-objective of (coolant inlet temperature, mass flow rate, microchannel spacing metal foam porosity). Response surface methodology employed explore balanced compromise solutions conflicting objectives, including minimization maximum temperature difference, uniformity entropy generation. The results reveal that are most influential factors managing temperature. Higher porosity enhances uniformity. Optimizing crucial reducing irreversibility. Optimized 300.875 K, rate 0.2075 g/s, 6.75 mm, 60% yield 308.95 difference 3.1655 0.4173 K generation 3.98 W/K. findings highlight importance strategically optimizing achieve optimal performance, reduced generation, improved cooling ... Read More

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In the context of global energy transition, thermal management electric vehicle batteries faces severe challenges due to temperature rise and consumption under dynamic operating conditions. Traditional strategies rely on real-time feedback suffer from response lag efficiency imbalance. this study, we propose a neural network-based synergistic optimization method for driving conditions prediction management, which collects multi-scenario real-vehicle data (358 60-s condition segments) by naturalistic collection method, extracts four typical (congestion, highway, urban, suburbia) combining with K-means clustering, constructs BP (backpropagation network) model (20 neurons in input layer 60 output layer) predict speed next s. Based results, coupled PID control mechanism dynamically adjusts coolant flow rate (maximum reduction 17.6%), reduces maximum battery 3.8 C, difference 0.3 standard deviation fluctuation at ambient temperatures 25~40 C is 0.2 AMESim simulation experimental validation. The results show that strategy significantly improves safety system economy complex working pro... Read More

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Integrated thermal management system for a fuel cell vehicle that improves overall energy efficiency by allowing independent thermal management of components like the fuel cell, battery, electric parts, and indoor air conditioning, and integrating the cooling/heating circuits. It uses a common coolant loop for fuel cell cooling, a separate battery chiller, an air conditioning refrigerant loop, and a shared chiller. This allows optimal cooling/heating for each component while leveraging shared resources.

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Heat pump system for battery electric vehicles that provides efficient heating and cooling for the cabin and battery. The system uses a heat pump with parallel cooling and heating loops. The main refrigerant loop cools the cabin using an external heat exchanger. Parallel loops draw heat from the battery and drive train. In cooling mode, the battery and drive train loops are bypassed. In heating mode, the battery and drive train loops are active. This allows efficient heating from ambient air, battery, and drive train sources. The parallel loops reduce pressure drop compared to serially connecting all heat sources.

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The thermal management system (TMS) of electric vehicles (EVs) plays a pivotal role in vehicle performance, driving range, battery lifespan, and passenger comfort. Precise control compressor speed, informed by real-time sensor data, is essential for improving TMS efficiency extending EV range. This study proposes strategy based on the PID Search Algorithm (PSA), ensuring optimal an integrated cabin TMS. A co-simulation platform combining AMESim Simulink developed validation, utilizing various sensors to monitor performance. Simulations are conducted under target temperatures 20 C 25 replicate operating conditions. optimized compared with most commonly used controllers, fuzzy strategies. results demonstrate that PSA-Optimized significantly outperforms other three For C, shows minimal temperature overshoot 0.012 COP improvements 0.06, 0.04, 0.03 strategies, respectively. further reduced 0.010 while coefficient performance (COP) increases 0.14, 0.01, 0.07 relative same benchmarks. Overall, indicate effectively utilizes data reduce overshoot, stabilize speed fluctuations, slow decay ... Read More

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Electric vehicle thermal management system that improves safety and efficiency compared to traditional systems. The system has two loops for cooling/heating the battery and driving motor. A release mechanism allows converging the two loops when a battery thermal runaway occurs, with both fluids released into the battery to cool/extinguish it. During normal operation, a heat exchanger transfers heat from the driving motor to the battery loop. This uses motor waste heat to warm the battery instead of external power.

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To address the challenges of high flow resistance and poor temperature uniformity in conventional PCMliquid cooling hybrid heat exchangerswhich significantly impair performance lifespan electronic devicesa topology optimization approach was adopted. A dual-objective function, aimed at minimizing average pressure drop, introduced to reconstruct channel layout PCM filling region. two-dimensional transient thermo-fluid model coupling solidliquid phase-change process with coolant transfer established, alongside development an experimental platform. comprehensive comparison performed against a liquid plate straight channels. The results showed that topology-optimized exhibited drop 15.80 Pa pumping power 1.19 104 W, representing reductions 38.28% 38.02%, respectively. solidification time shortened by 6 min. Under these conditions, convective coefficient (hw) evaluation criterion (j/f) optimized reached 1319.06 W/(m2K) 0.56, which corresponded increases 60.71% 47.5%, configuration improved overall performance. As inlet velocity increased from 0.05 m/s 0.2 m/s, hw 38.65%... Read More

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This study presents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) to optimize energy efficiency while maintaining battery temperature within optimal range. Due complexity of BTMS dynamics, high-fidelity model was developed using MATLAB/Simscape(2021a), and an artificial neural network (ANN)-based designed achieve high accuracy with reduced computational load. To mitigate oscillatory control inputs observed conventional MPC, infinity-horizon MPC framework introduced, incorporating value function that accounts system behavior beyond prediction horizon. The proposed controller evaluated simulation environment against rule-based under varying ambient temperatures. Results demonstrated significant savings, including 78.9% reduction low-temperature conditions, 36% moderate temperatures, 27.8% high-temperature environments. Additionally, effectively stabilized actuator operation, improving longevity. These findings highlight potential ANN-assisted enhancing performance minimizing consumption EVs.

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Solid-state battery module for efficient temperature control using resonant wireless charging. The module has the battery, a resonant capacitor, and wireless power circuitry all mounted on one side of a substrate. This allows the capacitor to directly heat the battery using resonant charging. The capacitor is sandwiched between low thermal conductivity components to isolate and concentrate the heat. A thermally conductive path connects the capacitor to the battery. This enables efficient battery heating using wireless charging without needing a separate heating element.

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Battery system with improved thermal management to increase efficiency, cell life, and uniformity. The system has a cell holder with a fluid circuit through the cell stack obstructed by the cells. An unobstructed fluid circuit runs alongside the stack. Valves allow controlling fluid flow to the cell stack vs. side channel. This allows separate cooling/heating of the stack vs. side channel. For example, a non-dielectric fluid can circulate around the cells during low load, while a dielectric fluid circulates inside the stack during high load. This provides flexibility in fluid selection and flow distribution for optimal thermal management.

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An electric motor with integrated cooling using a heat-transfer fluid to extract heat from the motor and transfer it to a heat engine or battery pack. The motor has an enclosed cavity with bearings and a bell-shaped lid covering the rear bearing. The lid has an internal chamber around the motor cavity with fluid inlet/outlet for circulating the heat-transfer fluid. This allows direct cooling of the motor without external connections. The fluid circuit connects the motor, heat engine, and batteries for efficient heat management.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable transportation goals. However, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the primary energy source for EVs, face critical thermal management, safety, long-term efficiency challenges. This study proposes an integrated battery management system that combines a waterethylene glycol-based liquid cooling mechanism with high-conductivity copper tubing to enhance LIB performance, longevity, safety. Through COMSOL multiphysics simulations, this examines behavior under varying operational conditions. The results indicate 20% reduction temperature peaks, maintaining optimal range of 15C 35C, thus mitigating risks runaway. Experimental validation using infrared thermography imaging confirms system's efficiency, showing maximum recorded 43.48C load conditions, significantly lower than unmanaged systems. Beyond work integrates advanced strategies, including state-of-charge estimation, predictive fault diagnostics, active optimization, cell balancing. analysis further reveals proposed improves heat diss... Read More

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Abstract With the rapid development of liquid cooled charging technology, thermal management gun electric vehicle has also become an urgent challenge to be solved. In this paper, accurate simulation model is developed by correcting conductivity and heat generation through integration experimental results. Subsequently, experiment designed with current, coolant inlet flow, temperature, ambient temperature as variables, from which a series results are obtained. Utilizing these training set, reduced order for predicting established. The influence multi-layer perceptron model, response surface gaussian process on prediction accuracy then compared. indicate that compared other two models, more significant advantage in fitting nonlinear average error 1.61 C. This study holds importance intelligent devices.

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The rapid evolution of electronic systems and battery technologies in vehicles necessitates advanced thermal management strategies to ensure optimal performance safety. This paper presents a comprehensive review (TMS), comparing conventional methods such as air liquid cooling with emerging techniques like phase change materials (PCMs), heat pipes, systems. While traditional offer simplicity cost- effectiveness, they often struggle limited dissipation capacity inefficiencies under high loads. In contrast, modern TMS provide enhanced regulation, faster absorption, better adaptability varying conditions. study identifies key limitations, including implementation costs system complexity, while highlighting the scope for integrating nonmaterial's smart technologies. Methodologies, tools, simulation used development are outlined. Expected outcomes include improved lifespan, energy efficiency, vehicle concludes by emphasizing critical role innovative advancing automotive technology..

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Abstract: Electric vehicle battery performance and lifespan are critically dependent on effective thermal management, with excessive temperatures leading to accelerated degradation safety risks. While most existing systems employ active cooling methods, this study investigates an alternative approach using adaptive speed control as a means of passive regulation. The proposed model focuses controlling energy discharge rates through motor modulation based real-time temperature feedback, offering potentially simpler more energy-efficient solution compared conventional systems. This paper presents simulation-based implementation regulation system that adjusts in response variations. core innovation lies field-oriented (FOC) the traction limit current when critical thresholds. A mathematical establishes relationship between reduction consequent heat generation decrease, demonstrating how controlled power output can maintain safe operating temperatures. architecture incorporates sensor inputs processed by Arduino Uno microcontroller, which calculates appropriate references prevent overload... Read More

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Demand-responsive operation of an electric traction drive system that maximizes range and efficiency by dynamically managing cooling, heating, and lubrication. The traction drive has an electric motor-driven pump connected to multiple fluid outlets for cooling, heating, and lubrication. The pump can operate in two directions. By selectively opening and closing valves and switching pump direction, the fluid flow rate and volume can be optimized for each component based on operating conditions. This allows demand-responsive cooling, heating, and lubrication tailored to the electric motor's thermal needs at each power level.

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Cooling electric vehicle components like motors and generators by integrating the cooling system into the vehicle structure instead of using external coolers. The cooling fluid passes through the components and then exchanges heat with a secondary fluid within the vehicle structure, like a strut between the component and the body. This allows cooling without needing external coolers or ducts.

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Batteries with improved performance, durability, and safety for electric vehicles and other applications. The batteries have features like phase change materials, thermally conductive articles, and housing designs that mitigate heat generation and cell expansion during charging/discharging. The phase change materials absorb excess heat from cells, cooling them. Thermally conductive articles align cells and facilitate heat transfer. Uniform pressure distribution is achieved by housing components. These features allow high energy density batteries with reduced deleterious effects of lithium metal cells.

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Scheduling battery conditioning of electric vehicles to optimize performance and range in cold temperatures without requiring specific knowledge of the battery chemistry or drivetrain configuration. A vehicle scheduler coordinates between the battery management system, thermal management system, and vehicle dynamics control to condition the battery to the right temperature for driving by having the vehicle dynamics request the required current demand, which the battery management system converts into a temperature requirement, and then the thermal management system heats the battery fluid to meet that temperature. This allows agnostic conditioning that works across different battery chemistries and drivetrain configurations.

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Battery system for electric vehicles with improved thermal management and containment during thermal runaway events. The system uses a cover plate with insulation layers between the cells to prevent contamination and arcing if venting gas escapes. The cover plate has a rigid structural layer sandwiched between thermal insulation layers. It covers the top of the cells and fixes to crossbeams between them. This prevents cell movement and allows venting through dedicated exits. The insulation layers protect against vented gas escaping onto the cells.

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Abstract Automotive industries showed keen interest in the temperature control system of batteries. There exist varieties commercial electric vehicles, which offer battery cooling technologies with active systems as potential solutions. The creation such devices would need careful consideration physical structure and arrangement cells. However, any case, it is fundamental to have a mechanism for safe operational working all In industry automotive conversion there exists strong passion Lithium-ion control. already considerable variety vehicles on market, offering that rely active-removal possible development will definitely demand pack's architecture be carefully re-examined. final analysis, clearly come out fact necessary batteries function 'safety' mode. current study aims review strategies using air thermal energy storage improve performance hybrid vehicles. comparison capacity management (BTMS) various designs thoroughly examined. This article tries helpful guidance designing air-cooled phase change material (PCM) cooled BTMS optimal performance.

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Abstract This paper proposes a gravity heat pipe-air hybrid temperature control system to address the inadequate dissipation in power batteries under high-rate discharge conditions when using single cooling methods. The systems performance was evaluated for series-arranged battery packs at rates above 5C. Results show that effectively meets thermal management requirements 3-cell 5C, but as number of cells increases seven, degrades, with uniformity exceeding 5 C threshold, leading failure. To resolve this, C-shaped configuration adopted improved pack arrangement. Further analysis demonstrates optimized manages up 7C within air span 20 35 C.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The electric vehicle thermal management system is a critical sub-systems of vehicles, and has substantial impact on the driving range. The objective this paper to optimize performance heat pump air conditioning system, battery, motor by adopting an integrated design. This approach expected effectively improve COP (Coefficient Performance) cabin heating. An model established using AMEsim. Key parameters, such as refrigerant temperature, pressure, flow rate at outlet each component are compared with measured data verify correctness in paper. Using model, compressor speed heating comfort under high-temperature conditions summer was studied, control strategy for rapid passenger compartment cooling proposed. Additionally, hybrid address priority issues battery cooling, traditional strategies terms time accuracy. results demonstrate that capable simultaneously if ambient temperature 40C. Compared methods prioritize either or enables while maintaining comfort, significantly reduces discomfort passengers 64.25%.</... Read More

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Efficient thermal management is essential for maintaining the performance and safety of large-capacity battery packs. To overcome limitations traditional standalone air or liquid cooling methods, which often result in inadequate uneven temperature distribution, a hybrid air-liquid structure was designed. A three-dimensional model developed, heat transfer fluid flow characteristics were analyzed using computational dynamics (CFD) simulations. Experimental validation carried out through discharge rise tests on individual cells resistance plate. The system compared to that methods under various rates. results indicated significantly enhanced performance, reducing maximum difference by 5.54C 3.37C, peak 11.66C 4.5C, cooling, respectively, at 0.8C rate. effects key parameters, such as coolant rate, fan speed, channel width, depth, investigated. turbulence-inducing proposed further improve efficiency. optimized maintained temperatures differences below 35C 5C, 0.5C with reduction pressure drop 14.50 kPa. ... Read More

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Battery module for electric vehicles that has a secondary cooling system to quickly and effectively cool individual cells with thermal runaway to prevent catastrophic failures. The module has two coolant circuits, one inside the module and another connected to an external refrigeration unit. The internal circuit has a heat exchanger that cools the cells. If a cell overheats, the internal heat exchanger is activated. If it still overheats, the external circuit is activated to bring the cell temperature down faster. This prevents thermal runaway propagation and cell damage.

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Thermal management system for mobile vehicles like electric cars that eliminates the need for a separate battery heater. It uses the existing drive motor to heat the coolant circuit instead. When battery heating is needed, the motor is run with a current that causes it to generate heat. This heat is then transferred to the battery coolant through a heat exchanger. This allows battery temperature control without adding a separate heater.

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Modular thermal management system for electric machines like mining trucks that provides variable levels of cooling for batteries based on temperature and load conditions. The system uses independently operable cooling modules to selectively activate and balance cooling capacity based on battery temperature. This allows efficient and flexible cooling without overcooling or undercooling the battery. The cooling modules can be turned on/off and cycled to optimize cooling performance for different load profiles. The system also monitors battery temperature and identifies the optimal module configuration for active cooling.

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Battery pack module with improved cooling efficiency for electric vehicles. The cooling system has parallel coolant circulation bypasses for each battery pack, controlled by valves, along with temperature sensors. The valves are opened/closed based on pack temperature to selectively route coolant through the bypass or main line. This allows targeted cooling of individual packs based on actual temperature needs, instead of overall cooling.

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Battery pack cooling system with intelligent thermal management for electric vehicle batteries. The system uses a thermoelectric generator and semiconductor refrigeration modules to quickly dissipate heat during high-rate discharge and prevent heat accumulation. The modules are dynamically controlled by an electronic module. The thermoelectric generator absorbs heat from the battery and converts it to electrical energy. The refrigeration module rapidly cools the battery using electric refrigeration. This dual heat absorption/dissipation structure stabilizes battery temperatures during high-rate discharge.

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Thermal management system for vehicles that improves efficiency and functionality of the system for cooling batteries and cabin air conditioning. It uses multiple heat exchange circuits and a controller to optimize heat transfer based on battery temperature. The battery has separate circuits with heat exchangers, and the controller selects which circuit(s) to use. This allows customized heat exchange for different battery areas. The controller can also control a storage device to supplement circuits as needed. This adaptive multi-circuit design improves battery cooling efficiency and reduces energy consumption compared to a single circuit.

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An active liquid cooling system for electric vehicle battery packs using high thermal conductivity aluminum cold plates with unique design features to improve cooling performance, uniform temperature distribution, and avoid thermal runaway. The cold plates have a height of 30-60 mm and a contact angle of 120-150 degrees between the plates and battery cells. This design lowers the highest pack temperature, provides uniform cooling, and handles rapid discharge and load changes. The increased plate height and angle in the flow direction enhances cooling by lowering temperature gradients and providing more surface area.

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Battery thermal management system that integrates phase change materials, thermoelectric cooling, and liquid cooling to efficiently dissipate and preheat the battery pack in both hot and cold environments. The system has a core control module, temperature sensors, power supply module, thermoelectric module, and liquid cooling module. It switches between three working modes: refrigeration, shutdown, and heating based on battery temperature. In hot environments, the thermoelectric module cools the pack. In normal temps, the module stops. In cold, the module switches current direction to preheat. The power supply adjusts flow rate based on module heat capacity. This adaptive mode switching meets cooling/heating requirements in varying temps.

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Battery pack design with improved thermal management for electric vehicles that enables better cell temperature control and consistency. The battery pack has a liquid-cooled box containing phase change material. The battery cells are installed in the cooled box. If a cell gets too hot, it transfers heat to the coolant in the box. The phase change material absorbs heat and can transfer it back to the cells when they cool down. This helps maintain cell temperatures, especially in cold environments. The coolant circulates through a heat exchanger to dissipate heat outside the pack.

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Efficient thermal management for electric motorcycle battery packs that enables high-rate charging and discharging without overheating the batteries. The thermal management system uses a liquid cooling loop with a heat pipe assembly between the battery pack case and semiconductor module. The battery modules have water-cooling plates. A three-way valve switches between internal and external liquid circulation. This allows efficient heat transfer between the batteries, case, and semiconductor module using the liquid loop. The case has integrated heat pipes for direct cooling. The overall system prevents overheating during high-rate charging and discharging to extend battery life.

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Thermal management system for electric vehicles that improves battery performance in cold temperatures without consuming battery power. The system uses waste heat from the engine range extender to heat the battery pack. It connects the range extender's coolant outlet, battery pack inlet, and battery pack outlet in series with a mechanical pump. This allows the range extender's waste heat to transfer to the battery pack instead of using battery power to heat itself. It also has pressure sensors on the pumps to detect abnormal conditions and avoid overheating or burnout.

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Liquid cooling radiator structure for electric vehicle batteries that provides optimal heat dissipation using a combination of liquid cooling, air cooling, and phase change cooling. The radiator has an internal liquid cooling system with channels between the battery packs. It also has an external air cooling system with fins and channels to dissipate heat to the environment. Phase change cooling blocks are attached to the battery packs to rapidly conduct heat to the liquid coolant. This reduces the weight and complexity compared to full liquid cooling. The combined cooling modes provide high heat dissipation efficiency while minimizing temperature differences between battery cells.

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Battery thermal management system for electric vehicles using immersion cooling to efficiently cool the batteries and prevent overheating. The system involves submerging the batteries in a non-conductive liquid, circulating the liquid to extract heat, and using an external heat exchanger to further dissipate it. This provides a closed loop immersion cooling system for the batteries. The liquid submergence and circulation prevents direct air cooling that can be less effective. The liquid cooling allows higher battery density and capacity without overheating.

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Battery thermal management system for electric vehicles that improves battery module output efficiency by using a closed-loop refrigerant cycle with heat recovery and regeneration. The system has a thermal management unit, cycle unit, heating unit, cooling unit, sensing unit, and control unit. The cycle unit circulates a first heat exchange medium to the battery module. The heating unit transfers refrigerant from the compressor to heat the battery. The cooling unit transfers refrigerant from the evaporator to cool the battery. The control unit selectively opens/closes the heating and cooling units based on battery temperature. This allows regenerating heat from the cooling unit to heat the battery instead of wasting it. The refrigerant cycle also allows separate cooling/heating paths to share pipes for simplicity.

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