Voltage and Current Monitoring Systems for EV Batteries

Recent advancements in photovoltaic (PV) and battery technologies, combined with improvements power electronic converters, have accelerated the adoption of rooftop PV systems electric vehicles (EVs) distribution networks, while these technologies offer economic environmental benefits support transition to sustainable energy systems, they also introduce operational challenges, including voltage fluctuations, increased system losses, regulation issues under high penetration levels. Traditional Voltage Var Control (VVC) strategies, which rely on substation on-load tap changers, regulators, shunt capacitors, are insufficient fully manage challenges. This study proposes a novel Voltage, Var, Watt (VVWC) framework that coordinates operation EV resources, conventional devices, demand responsive loads. A mixed-integer nonlinear multi-objective optimization model is developed, applying Chebyshev goal programming approach balance objectives include minimizing curtailment, reducing flattening profile, not met. Unserved has, particular, been modeled incorporating concepts distributional recognit... Read More

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Abstract - A Battery Monitoring System (BMS) is an electronic setup designed to track essential parameters of rechargeable batteries, such as voltage, current, and State-of-Charge (SoC). By preventing overcharging over-discharging, systems help extend the lifespan reliability batteries. However, commercially available BMoS solutions are often costly unsuitable for budget-friendly embedded systems. Given widespread use Arduino Uno its affordability, open-source platform, user-friendly programming environment, this study aims develop a using microcontroller. The proposed system includes voltage current sensors, board, liquid crystal display (LCD) real-time monitoring. To achieve this, set out three primary objectives. First, it was necessary mathematically establish relationship between sensors' input output values. These mathematical expressions were then validated by observing sensor outputs under varying load conditions connecting disconnecting monitoring corresponding readings. Following complete prototype assembled integrating sensors LCD with Uno. tested 11.1 V Lithium-ion ba... Read More

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Apparatus, bus bar system, and method for accurately measuring electrical parameters of a bus bar in vehicles. The apparatus has two measuring systems attached to the bus bar - one for temperature and one for voltage. The readings are sent to an interface that combines them to determine electrical parameters like current, resistance, and power factor without needing a separate shunt resistor or temperature sensor. This provides more robust and precise measurements compared to traditional methods.

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Voltage detection circuit for battery packs that provides improved overcharge and low voltage detection accuracy even in cases of cell balance disruption. The circuit divides the battery voltage into two divided voltages using a bleeder resistance network. An overcharge comparator and switch monitor the first divided voltage. A low voltage comparator monitors the second divided voltage. A first low voltage switch is closed when the battery is fully charged and open when discharged, while a second low voltage switch is open when fully charged and closed when discharged. This configuration allows accurate overcharge and low voltage detection regardless of cell balance.

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Synchronous monitoring circuits and methods for battery management in electric vehicles and energy storage systems that provide reliable voltage, current, and temperature monitoring with high accuracy and reliability in harsh operating environments. The circuits use synchronous sampling techniques to mitigate noise issues and improve accuracy compared to single-channel ADC sampling. The synchronous sampling involves coordinating the sampling of multiple channels using a common clock signal to avoid timing misalignment and noise coupling. This provides more accurate and reliable data for battery management applications.

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Enhanced Battery Management Systems (BMS) are essential for improving operational efficacy and safety within Electric Vehicles (EVs), especially in tropical climates where traditional systems encounter considerable performance constraints. This research introduces a novel two-tiered deep learning framework that utilizes two-stage Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) precise prediction of battery voltage SoC. The first tier employs LSTM-1 forecasts individual cell voltages across full-scale 120-cell Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pack using multivariate time-series data, including history, vehicle speed, current, temperature, load metrics, derived from dynamometer testing. Experiments simulate real-world urban driving, with speeds 6 km/h to 40 variations 0, 10, 20%. second uses LSTM-2 SoC estimation, designed handle temperature-dependent fluctuations high-temperature environments. cascade design allows the system capture complex temporal inter-cell dependencies, making it effective under variable-load Empirical validation demonstrates 15% improvement estimation accuracy over methods driving co... Read More

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Battery cell design with integrated voltage sensing to simplify stack monitoring while reducing contact between the cells and external sensors. The cells have internal energy storage elements surrounded by sealed pouches. A conductive element inside the pouch connects the cathode terminal to a sensor terminal on the same side. This allows voltage sensing of the cathode without external contacts on the cell. The conductive element can be a wire or metallic layer piercing the pouch.

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This project introduces a smart electric vehicle (EV) system designed to make transportation cleaner, safer, and more efficient. It combines two ways of charging the using solar power traditional grid so that it can always stay powered, even if one source is unavailable. At heart an advanced Battery Management System (BMS) keeps battery healthy by monitoring its charge levels, balancing across cells, preventing damage. To ensure safety, also has thermal track temperature in real-time. If senses any risk overheating, take preventive action. All this data health, status, sent cloud IoT (Internet Things) technology, be monitored remotely from anywhere. setup helps maintaining vehicle, predicting issues before they happen, ensuring runs efficiently. By combining clean energy, monitoring, automation, aims support eco-friendly while improving safety Performance

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Battery management system that allows individual monitoring and control of battery cells without a complex web of wires. The system uses existing power cables between cells to transmit battery parameters and commands. A monitoring board on each cell monitors status and sends parameters to a central controller. The controller adjusts cell performance based on received data. This eliminates the need for extra wiring between cells and allows individual cell monitoring without grouping them into modules. The data is transmitted by injecting modulated signals onto the existing power cables.

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A method to accurately estimate the open circuit voltage of a chargeable battery regardless of dark current. The method involves measuring battery voltage and current, storing voltage values after charge/discharge, fitting a function to the stored voltages, calculating open circuit voltage using the fitted function, and discarding stored voltages if current or voltage fluctuates above a threshold. This prevents unreliable voltages due to current fluctuations from impacting the open circuit voltage estimation.

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This research investigates the modeling and analysis of a three-phase boost rectifier for DC fast charging systems electric vehicles (EVs). A mathematical model validated with MATLAB/Simulink simulations examines system behavior under various conditions. Performance in abc dq coordinate reveals high consistency theoretical calculations. The average voltage frame was found to be vd 685 V vq 0 V, discrepancy less than 0.1% from calculated values. However, current showed discrepancies due cross-coupling effects circuit impedance. Simulations reported id 211.50 iq 93.50 A, compared values 151.97 V. For output current, were 983.05 98.31 respectively. Three test cases analyzed, consist unbalanced conditions, drops, load step responses. Case 1 highest total harmonic distortion (THD), 2 increased THD further, 3 achieved lowest THD, demonstrating improved stability dynamic loads. These findings confirm systems minimal deviations predictions, enhanced quality, mitigation, efficiency EV applications.

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Abstract Lithium-based batteries (LiBs) are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices, thanks their unparalleled density, minimal self-discharge rates, favorable cycle life. However, the inherent safety risks performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management (BMS). This review comprehensively analyzes current state sensor technologies for smart LiBs, focusing on advancements, opportunities, potential challenges. Sensors classified into two primary groups based application: optimization. Safety sensors, including temperature, pressure, strain, gas, acoustic, magnetic focus detecting conditions that could lead hazardous situations. Performance optimization such as optical-based electrochemical-based, monitor factors charge health, emphasizing operational efficiency lifespan. The also highlights importance integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms control approaches optimize charging discharge cycles. Potential advancements driven nanotechnolo... Read More

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LiFePO4 batteries need a battery management system (BMS) to improve performance, extend their lifespan, and maintain safety by utilizing advanced monitoring, control, optimization techniques. This paper presents the design, development, implementation of an intelligent (i-BMS) that integrates real-time monitoring control batteries. The was extensively tested using multiple datasets, results show able temperature within set range, balance cell voltages, distribute energy according load prioritization. It uses fuzzy logic approach effectively manage farm requirements. Additionally, proposed method embedded three-level prioritization algorithm woven into rule allocate dynamically among essential, regular, non-essential loads.

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This project presents the development of an IoT-based Battery Management System (BMS) utilizing Random Forest Regressor machine learning model for remote battery health monitoring and optimization. The system integrates IoT-enabled sensors to collect real-time parameters such as voltage, current, temperature. data is transmitted through secure IoT gateways a cloud platform processing. employed predict critical metrics, including capacity degradation remaining useful life. enhances predictive accuracy enables informed decision-making optimized usage, thereby improving efficiency longevity. innovative solution demonstrates potential combining revolutionize management foster sustainable energy solutions.

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Multisine electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) represents a highly promising technique for the online characterization of battery functional states, offering potential to monitor, in real-time, key degradation phenomena such as aging, internal resistance variation, and state health (SoH) evolution. However, its widespread adoption embedded systems is currently limited by need balance measurement accuracy with strict energy constraints requirement short acquisition times. This work proposes novel broadband EIS approach based on multiband multisine excitation strategy which signal spectrum divided into multiple sub-bands that are sequentially explored. enables available be concentrated portion at time, thereby significantly improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without substantially increasing total time. The result more energy-efficient method maintains high diagnostic precision. We further investigated optimal design these sequences, taking account realistic imposed sensing hardware limitations amplitude noise level. effectiveness proposed was demonstrated within comprehensiv... Read More

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Battery management system for electric vehicles with a refined voltage measurement technique to optimize battery performance and durability. The system manages an electric battery device with multiple modules connected in series, each containing cells. Some cells are connected by a busbar. The measurement technique accounts for busbar voltage offsets. It uses a single slave element to gather data from two modules. Measurements from cells on the busbar are adjusted based on the busbar resistance. This prevents overestimation due to busbar voltage. The adjusted cell voltages are used for safety methods like derating charging power. The technique improves accuracy by avoiding erroneous voltage readings from busbar cells.

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Method for accurately estimating the initial state of charge of a battery in a hybrid or electric vehicle, particularly when the battery has not been at rest for a long time. The method involves estimating an initial value of the state of charge during an initialization phase. The initialization phase includes steps like measuring the battery's voltage and current at the start of charging or discharging, calculating the current polarization based on the voltage and current values, and using the polarization to adjust the initial state of charge estimate. This takes into account the battery's polarization state to provide a more accurate initial state of charge estimate when the battery has not been resting for a long time.

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Protective circuit for high voltage, high current secondary battery applications like electric vehicle batteries. The circuit has a protective element with fuses, a heat generator, and terminals connected to the battery and auxiliary power. When an abnormality is detected, a control device switches an auxiliary power supply to energize the heat generator fuses, cutting off the battery from the external terminals. The heat generator fuses prevent excessive currents and voltages from damaging the battery. The auxiliary power allows high voltage fuses without voltage rating issues. The control device can detect abnormalities like overvoltage or overcurrent.

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Method and controller for accurately detecting voltages of battery cells in a battery pack using converters and switching units. The method involves routing the operating current from the battery cell anode through the converter to ground, while also routing a sampling current from the battery cell anode to the converter. This reduces the difference between currents through the anode and cathode paths, allowing the converters to accurately detect the cell voltage.

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The state of charge (STOC) lithium-ion batteries (LTIB) poses a significant challenge in the implementation and advancement battery management systems, necessitating precise measurement capacity utilized electric vehicle (EV) development, thereby emerging as straightforward issue. Efficient regulation energy, to mitigate dangers associated with overcharging over-discharging, is feasible only an accurate calculation STOCH, which supports several situations constraints. In STOCH esteem analysis, it imperative account for influence diverse components on operational cycle batteries, such cell aging imbalance, by employing various sophisticated similar circuit models batteries. Fitting assessment computations are employed quantify improve precision evaluations. systems (BMTS) essential vehicles (EVs). admiration, denoting excess limit or also constitutes central border BMTS. This approach use perpetual control value via Arduino UNO microcontroller. Additionally, we will examine display using simulation associate degree regulator utilizing MATLAB Simulink model. MATLAB, ANN model be develo... Read More

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