Solid-State Electrolytes in EV Battery Design

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with improved safety and performance by replacing the flammable liquid electrolyte with a solid electrolyte made of a specific argyrodite-type sulfide material. The solid electrolyte has high lithium ionic conductivity, stability in air and moisture, and reduced chemical side reactions compared to other solid electrolytes. This allows making all-solid-state batteries without the fire risk of liquid electrolytes. The argyrodite-type sulfide solid electrolyte can be used in the battery's positive electrode, negative electrode, or separator to create a fully solid-state battery.

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All-solid-state battery with improved lifetime characteristics by incorporating composite carbon layers between the solid electrolyte and the negative electrode. The composite carbon layers have different binder contents, with a layer close to the electrolyte having higher binder content for better adhesion and protection. The layer closer to the negative electrode has lower binder content to allow lithium diffusion and prevent dendrite formation. This configuration prevents short circuits due to dendrite growth and reduces capacity fade.

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All-solid-state battery with improved performance using a composite solid electrolyte. The composite electrolyte is a combination of a Garnet-type solid electrolyte and a Cl-containing LISICON-type solid electrolyte. The composite allows lower firing temperatures, avoids side reactions during battery operation, and has higher lithium ionic conductivity compared to the Garnet electrolyte alone. The Cl-containing LISICON electrolyte is represented by a chemical formula with Li, B, Si, Cl, and O.

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Solid electrolyte membrane for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries that reduces internal short circuits and improves high rate capability compared to traditional solid electrolytes. The membrane consists of a composite core with diamagnetic particles surrounded by an insulating layer, followed by a shell made of the solid electrolyte. The composite structure reduces lithium ion path length while the diamagnetic core suppresses internal short circuits. This provides improved ionic conductivity and high rate capability compared to uniform solid electrolyte membranes.

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All-solid-state battery with improved capacity and faster charging/discharging compared to conventional all-solid-state batteries. The battery has stacked electrode layers with a solid electrolyte interposed between them. The inner portions of the electrode layers overlap and contain the active material. The outer portions of the electrode layers also overlap the solid electrolyte but have corners extending outwards. This allows the outer corners to also contact the external electrodes. This reduces the electron path length compared to having the external electrodes just on the edges.

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All solid-state lithium battery with improved compatibility between the cathode and solid-state electrolyte. The battery has a cathode layer containing a zeolite decorated with lithium salt (Li-zeolite) to improve the interfacial stability between the cathode and electrolyte. This reduces battery degradation and improves performance and durability. The Li-zeolite is dispersed in the cathode along with other components, providing a close ionic contact between the cathode and electrolyte. The Li-zeolite improves the compatibility between the cathode and electrolyte by providing a stable interface with reduced resistance and degradation.

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An all solid-state lithium battery with improved cycle life and energy density. The battery has a composite cathode active material containing sulfur, an alkali metal salt, and carbon. This composite improves cycle life by preventing lithium dendrite growth during charging/discharging. The battery also uses a layered solid electrolyte between the cathode and anode. The electrolyte has a first layer with a high-conductivity sulfide electrolyte and a second layer with a lower-conductivity sulfide electrolyte. This layered electrolyte improves ionic conductivity compared to a single-layer sulfide electrolyte.

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A method for producing a sulfide solid electrolyte with high quality and efficiency for all-solid-state batteries. The method uses a unique blend of raw materials and solvents to prevent separation and loss of reactants during synthesis. It involves replacing lithium halides with ammonium halides as a halogen source. This reduces raw material loss and allows complete consumption of lithium sulfide in the reaction. The method involves mixing lithium sulfide, phosphorus sulfide, ammonium halide, alcohol solvent, and non-alcohol solvent to form a precursor solution. Firing the precursor produces the sulfide solid electrolyte. The blended raw materials and solvents enable complete conversion of reactants without separation or loss, resulting in a high-quality sulfide solid electrolyte.

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All-solid-state battery with simplified structure and improved cycle life for lithium-metal batteries. The battery uses a composite solid electrolyte layer with two types of sulfide solid electrolytes. The first sulfide electrolyte has lower reduction resistance and the second sulfide electrolyte has higher reduction resistance. This configuration allows a protective layer of lithium and metallic elements to form between the current collector and the lower resistance electrolyte during cycling, improving cycle life. The higher resistance electrolyte prevents excessive lithium plating and side reactions. The composite electrolyte layer enables simplified battery structure since a separate initial lithium layer is not needed.

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Structural battery for vehicles that can provide both electric power storage and structural support without requiring liquid electrolytes. The battery has stacked positive and negative electrode layers sandwiched between outer structure reinforcement layers. Solid electrolytes coat the boundaries, electrode side surfaces, and outer layers. This allows forming the battery by connecting terminals without injecting liquid electrolytes. It improves mechanical strength compared to conventional liquid electrolyte batteries.

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Low cost, reinforced solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries that provide improved mechanical, electrochemical, and thermal stability compared to existing solid electrolytes. The electrolyte is made by coating a porous substrate with a fluoropolymer-ionic liquid-lithium salt solution on one side and a fluoropolymer-LLZO solution on the other side. The coated substrate is then dried and cured to form the solid electrolyte. The reinforced electrolyte has better ionic conductivity, lower dendrite growth, and higher thermal stability than pure solid polymer electrolytes.

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Electrolyte for lithium batteries with improved charging efficiency, high temperature recovery capacity, and long term storage stability. The electrolyte contains specific additives, compounds represented by Chemical Formulas 1 to 6, that when added to the battery electrolyte improve charging resistance, high temperature recovery capacity, and capacity retention at high temperatures compared to conventional electrolytes. The additives are 1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-yl diethyl phosphite, 2-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, and other related compounds. The electrolyte composition includes 0.1-10% of these additives along with lithium salt and organic solvents.

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Lithium battery separator that combines the benefits of polymer separators and solid ceramic electrolytes for improved battery performance. The separator is a three-layer structure with ceramic electrolyte coatings on either side of a polymer separator. The ceramic layers, made of materials like lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP), provide high ionic conductivity, stability, and prevent dendrite formation. The polymer separator provides flexibility and mechanical strength. The hybrid separator shows better electrolyte uptake, ionic conductivity, interface stability, cycle life, and voltage polarization compared to regular polymer separators.

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Solid electrolyte for high temperature applications like batteries in electric vehicles that provides high thermal stability and ionic conductivity at temperatures up to 200°C. The solid electrolyte contains lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, halogen, and an element like magnesium or calcium. It forms a stable crystal structure with high ionic conductivity even at high temperatures. The electrolyte can be produced by reacting a composition containing the lithium, phosphorus, sulfur, halogen, and element, then heating.

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Solid-state polymer electrolyte membrane for lithium-ion batteries that allows operation over a wider voltage range compared to conventional liquid electrolytes. The membrane is made by mixing a lithium salt, plasticizer, and co-network of crosslinkable polyether and amine additions. Deep discharging the battery lithiates the membrane, providing excess lithium ions for higher capacity. This allows operation down to -0.5 V versus 2.5 V for liquid electrolytes. The solid-state membrane enables batteries with a voltage range of 0.01-4.3 V versus 2.5-4.3 V for liquid electrolytes.

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Multiphase thin film solid-state electrolytes for solid-state batteries that have improved properties like stability, compatibility with Li metal, density, and strength compared to conventional single-phase garnet electrolytes. The multiphase electrolytes contain a primary cubic lithium-stuffed garnet phase with a secondary phase inclusion. The cubic garnet phase is present at 70-99.9% volume, while the secondary phase is 30-0.1% volume. The multiphase structure provides better properties for solid-state batteries compared to single-phase garnet electrolytes.

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Composite solid-state battery electrolyte that improves cycling stability and reduces short circuiting compared to pure sulfide electrolytes. The composite electrolyte has a sulfide electrolyte, a polymer electrolyte, and a functional additive material with a specific structure. The functional additive coats the sulfide electrolyte surface to prevent polymer contact and degradation during battery cycling. The composite electrolyte is made by mixing the sulfide, additive, and solvent, removing the solvent, and then mixing with the polymer electrolyte.

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Process for preparing argyrodite-type solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries that involves contacting lithium and phosphorus sources with a solvent-reagent at lower temperatures, like 80-120°C, instead of high temperatures like 400-600°C. This allows forming Li7-xPS6-xYx compounds directly in solution, which can then be collected and further processed into solid-state electrolytes. The solvent contains a lithium salt like LiCl and a polymer like PVP. The lower temperature synthesis enables scalable production of argyrodite electrolytes using earth-abundant elements like phosphorus and chlorine.

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A positive electrode, electrode, and secondary battery design to improve cycle life, discharge rate, and low temperature performance of solid-state batteries. The electrode contains positive electrode active material particles, polymer fibers with 1-100 nm diameter, and inorganic solid particles. The polymer fibers help prevent expansion/contraction of the active material during charge/discharge cycles, reducing resistance and cycle degradation. The inorganic solid particles further enhance cycle life and performance by reducing electrode-electrolyte interface resistance. The composite electrolyte layer between the electrodes contains nanofiber dispersed in an aqueous electrolyte solution.

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Safe, flame-resistant electrolyte system for lithium batteries that can be produced using existing battery production facilities. The electrolyte is a quasi-solid or solid-state electrolyte made by impregnating an ion-conducting polymer into the battery components like cathode, anode, and separator, followed by removing the initial liquid solvent and filling with a second, more flame-resistant liquid solvent. The polymer allows ionic conduction without flammable liquid electrolytes.

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