Lithium Metal Vanadium Oxide Battery Efficiency Optimization

High energy density alkali metal batteries with thick electrodes and high active material loading. The process involves continuously depositing wet electrode mixtures directly onto the current collectors to form thick electrodes with high active material content. The wet electrodes are then combined to make the battery. This allows thicker electrodes without drying issues or high resistance. The high active material loading and thickness increases volumetric energy density.

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Lithium battery anode design with improved cycling life by using multiple anode layers with different reduction potentials and a thin inorganic protection layer. The anode structure includes a current collector, an initial anode layer, a consumable second anode layer with a different reduction potential, and a thin atomic layer deposition (ALD) inorganic protection layer. This allows the initial anode to retain some capacity as the consumable layer is consumed, preventing complete anode depletion and improving cycle life compared to single layer lithium metal anodes. The thin ALD protection layer suppresses side reactions between the consumed anode and electrolyte.

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Lithium-ion battery anode with high capacity, long cycle life, and low irreversible capacity. The anode is made by dispersing graphene sheets in a suspension of small anode active material particles, like Si or Sn, and converting the mixture into graphene-enhanced anode particles. The graphene coating prevents particle expansion and cracking during lithiation, improving cycle life. The graphene also improves electrical conductivity. The anode particles are spherical or ellipsoidal, with graphene sheets embracing the active material. The graphene content is at least 0.01% by weight.

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Solid electrolyte for rechargeable lithium batteries that addresses issues of dendrite formation, flammability, and safety in lithium metal batteries. The solid electrolyte is a lithium ion conductor with high ionic conductivity (>10^-5 S/cm) and low lithium metal dendrite penetration resistance. It can be used in lithium metal, lithium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries to prevent internal shorting, thermal runaway, and explosion risks associated with liquid electrolytes. The solid electrolyte is made by a roll-to-roll process for scalable manufacturing.

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A rechargeable lithium battery design with a protective layer between the cathode and separator to prevent internal shorting and thermal runaway. The protective layer has a thin coating of a lithium ion-conducting polymer matrix with dispersed inorganic particles. This layer stops massive cathode-anode contact if the separator melts or collapses due to dendrites, preventing fire and explosion. The layer thickness is 10 nm to 100 μm with a lithium ion conductivity of 10-8 to 5x10-2 S/cm.

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A rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery with improved safety, cycle life, and energy density compared to conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The battery uses a non-flammable electrolyte made from a liquefied gas instead of traditional organic solvents. This eliminates the risk of explosion. The battery also has a sulfur cathode with specific design features to prevent sulfur dissolution and migration during cycling, reducing capacity fade and active material loss. The battery delivers high specific energies exceeding 600 Wh/kg and long cycle lives.

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Manufacturing lithium batteries with ultra-high energy density by using lithium metal anodes and replacing the conventional graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries. The lithium metal anodes offer significantly higher energy density compared to graphite anodes. However, lithium metal anodes have issues like dendrite formation, poor cycle life, and safety concerns due to the high reactivity of lithium metal. To address these issues, the invention provides a method for manufacturing Li-metal anode lithium batteries with improved performance and safety. The method involves using a unique design and materials for the cathode and separator to mitigate the lithium dendrite formation and enable successful operation of the lithium metal anodes. This allows for high energy density Li-metal anode lithium batteries with improved cycle life and safety compared to conventional Li-ion batteries.

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Lithium-ion battery design with improved fast charging, high energy density, and safety for electric vehicles. The battery has a porous separator between the anode and cathode, with a lithium ion reservoir between the anode and separator. The reservoir captures lithium ions from the cathode during charging and releases them to the anode over time. This prevents dendrite formation and internal shorting. The reservoir can be an ionic liquid hosted by a porous framework with lithium-capturing groups.

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Secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle that use an aqueous electrolyte containing an organic sulfur compound with a nitrogen atom to improve battery life and safety compared to pure water electrolytes. The organic sulfur compound concentration is 0.001 mM to 20 mM in the electrolyte. This prevents hydrogen gas evolution from the negative electrode during charging and discharging, reducing peeling of the active material and improving stability and cycle life.

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Lithium battery design to prevent dendrite formation and reduce capacity decay. It uses a thin elastic polymer layer between the lithium anode and electrolyte to protect the anode from electrolyte reaction. The polymer layer has a recoverable strain >5% and lithium ion conductivity >10^-6 S/cm at room temp. It contains ultrahigh molecular weight polymer segments dispersed in a matrix with additives like lithium salts. This layer prevents dendrite growth and reduces anode consumption compared to bare lithium anodes.

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High energy density alkali metal batteries with shape conformability for compact devices and electric vehicles. The batteries have thick electrodes with high active material loading, low overhead weight and volume, and high capacity. The electrodes are quasi-solid with 30-95% active material, 5-40% electrolyte, and 0.01-30% conductive additive. The additive forms a 3D network for electrical conductivity. The thick electrodes are deformable and conformable for compact battery shapes. The batteries can be primary or secondary lithium or sodium cells, lithium-ion, sodium-ion, or lithium-ion capacitors.

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Lithium and sodium batteries with high energy density and power density by using thick electrodes with high active material loading. The batteries have quasi-solid electrodes with volume fractions of 30-95% active material, 5-40% electrolyte, and 0.01-30% conductive additive. The additive forms a 3D network of pathways to maintain conductivity. This allows thicker electrodes >200 µm without decreasing ion/electron transport. It also enables high active material loadings >10 mg/cm² and total battery active fraction >30%. The thicker electrodes, higher loadings, and 3D conductive network enable high energy density and power density compared to thin, lower loading conventional batteries.

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Lithium and sodium batteries with high energy density and power density by using a quasi-solid electrode material with high active material loading and electrode thickness. The batteries have an alkali metal anode and cathode that are both quasi-solid, containing 30-95% active material, 5-40% electrolyte, and 0.01-30% conductive additive. This quasi-solid electrode design allows thicker electrodes (>200 μm) with high active material mass loadings (>10 mg/cm2) and electrical conductivity (>10-6 S/cm). The batteries can have high volumetric and gravimetric capacities and energy densities compared to conventional batteries.

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Recharging of lithium metal ion batteries that are compatible with existing battery production facilities. The rechargeable lithium cell includes a lithium metal secondary cell, a lithium-ion cell, a lithium-sulfur cell, a lithium-ion sulfur cell, a lithium-selenium cell, and a lithium-air cell.

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Rechargeable lithium batteries with improved safety, capacity, and cycle life compared to conventional lithium batteries. The invention provides a hybrid solid-state electrolyte for lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries that has high lithium ion conductivity, prevents dendrite formation, and is non-flammable. The electrolyte is a composite of inorganic materials that forms a solid-state electrolyte when hydrated. This electrolyte is used in lithium-sulfur batteries to provide high capacity, long cycle life, and safety. The batteries also have improved capacity and cycle life in lithium-ion cells. The solid-state electrolyte prevents dendrite formation and thermal runaway compared to liquid electrolytes.

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A lithium secondary battery with improved safety, energy density, and cycle life compared to conventional aqueous electrolyte batteries. The battery uses a negative electrode with a current collector containing zinc, a negative electrode layer with titanium, lithium titanium, or lithium titanium composite oxides, and an aqueous electrolyte. The zinc-containing current collector suppresses hydrogen generation during charging/discharging, preventing delamination. The zinc-containing coating and oxidized zinc region on the surface further suppress hydrogen. This allows stable operation with aqueous electrolytes.

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Lithium and sodium batteries with high energy density and power density by using a unique quasi-solid electrode structure. The batteries have high active material loading, low overhead weight/volume, and exceptional capacity and energy density. The electrode preparation involves combining active material, electrolyte, and conductive additive to form a deformable, electrically conductive electrode material. The electrode is then shaped without breaking the conductive network to create a quasi-solid electrode. This allows high loading without sacrificing conductivity. The cells are made by combining the quasi-solid electrode with an ionic separator. The batteries can use lithium or sodium, lithium metal or intercalation compounds, and aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes.

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A non-flammable electrolyte for rechargeable lithium cells like lithium-sulfur batteries that provides high energy density, long cycle life, and safety without explosion risk. The electrolyte is a solid-like composition that replaces flammable liquid electrolytes. It contains a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as the electrolyte component, a polymeric film former, and optionally a sulfur-containing compound. The RTIL provides non-flammability, the polymeric film former improves cycle life, and the sulfur compound reduces shuttle effects. The electrolyte-separator layer is made by coating the composition onto a separator sheet.

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A non-flammable electrolyte system for rechargeable lithium cells like lithium-sulfur batteries that provides high energy density, long cycle life, and safety without explosion risk. The electrolyte is a solid-like material made from ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes. It forms a separator layer between the electrodes instead of the conventional flammable liquid electrolytes. This solid electrolyte prevents dendrite formation, suppresses shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides, and reduces active material loss. It also enables high sulfur loading in lithium-sulfur batteries with specific capacities over 1200 mAh/g.

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A non-flammable electrolyte for rechargeable lithium batteries like lithium-sulfur, lithium-ion, and lithium metal cells that addresses safety concerns and enables high energy density. The electrolyte is a quasi-solid ionic liquid containing a lithium salt and two organic salts with low vapor pressure. It has high ionic conductivity, low flammability, and prevents dendrite formation. The battery also uses a lithium-sulfur cathode with a sulfur composite containing conductive additive, binder, and current collector. The electrolyte and cathode design provide high capacity, long cycle life, and no explosion risk.

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