Innovations in EV Batteries with Lithium-Metal Anodes

Negative electrode for lithium metal batteries with improved cycle life and reduced volumetric change during charging. The negative electrode has a protective layer on the lithium metal surface with particles sizes between 1-100 microns. The protective layer has a Young's modulus of 106 Pa or greater. This provides mechanical strength to prevent dendrite growth and volumetric expansion during charging. The protective layer also improves lithium deposition density compared to bare lithium metal electrodes.

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Lithium metal composite electrode material for lithium metal batteries with improved cycle stability and reduced dendrite formation compared to conventional lithium metal electrodes. The composite electrode material has a lithium-containing conductive layer grown in situ on the surfaces of lithium metal particles. This layer isolates the lithium metal from the electrolyte to reduce irreversible reactions and dendrite growth. The layer includes an inorganic lithium compound and lithium alloy. The layer serves as a 3D framework structure that coats the lithium metal particles. This framework reduces volume expansion and dendrite formation during cycling. The composite electrode material is prepared by mixing lithium metal, a metal compound, and conductive carbon, then heat treating to grow the in situ layer.

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A lithium metal negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries that addresses the issues of dendrite formation and interface side reactions. The electrode has a porous carbon layer with pores formed by desorbing adsorbed gas during slurry coating. This creates a 3D pore structure in the carbon layer that prevents dendrite growth and reduces side reactions compared to a smooth carbon layer. The pore structure allows lithium metal to deposit inside the pores instead of on the surface, reducing dendrite formation. The pores also provide a pathway for lithium ion transfer, mitigating side reactions.

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Batteries with improved safety, cycling stability, and energy density by using lithiated carbon-coated lithium metal anodes, sulfurized carbon cathodes, and graphene nanoribbon (GNR) modified separators. The lithiated carbon coating on lithium metal prevents dendrite formation during charging, the sulfurized carbon cathodes have high capacity and reduced polysulfide shuttle, and the GNR-modified separators prevent sulfur migration.

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Lithium metal negative electrode for lithium metal secondary batteries that can suppress dendrite growth and improve cycle life. The electrode has a thin protective layer containing diazonium ions chemically bonded to the lithium metal surface. The layer is formed by reacting an amine and nitrite compound on the lithium metal. This simplified process allows a uniform, nanoscale protective layer to form on the lithium metal without complex equipment like ALD. The diazonium ions bond to the lithium metal surface and suppress dendrite growth compared to bare lithium.

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Highly pure lithium metal anode for lithium metal batteries that overcome purity issues limiting capacity and cycle life. The anode is made by electroplating lithium onto a conductive substrate in an enclosed cell with blanketed atmosphere. The lithium displaces electrolyte to bond the inner face to the substrate and outer face to the separator. This provides a lithium anode with less than 5 ppm impurities compared to commercial lithium foils. The purer lithium anode enables higher cycle life and prevents dendrite formation.

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In-situ lithium metal intercalation in battery cells to improve stability, performance and longevity, especially during early charge-discharge cycles. The method involves pre-lithiating the battery cell before assembly by placing lithium metal foils on the terminal electrodes and then intercalating lithium ions into the anode during a separate pre-lithiation process. This reduces initial lithium loss and improves voltage uniformity compared to traditional pre-lithiation methods.

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Lithium metal secondary battery with improved cycle life by preventing electrode group deformation and buckling during charging and discharging. The battery uses austenitic stainless steel or oxygen-free copper foil as the negative electrode current collector and has specific inter-electrode spacing in the wound electrode group. The spacing is larger in the region closer to the inner diameter of the electrode group and has a minimum ratio of 2:1 compared to the outer region. This prevents concentration of stress at the inner diameter during expansion of the lithium-plated negative electrode and prevents buckling and electrode separation.

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A solid electrolyte film for solid state batteries with improved stability and conductivity when used with lithium metal anodes. The film has three layers made of a single sulfide solid electrolyte material. The layers are: a lithium metal stable layer, a lithium dendrite inhibition layer, and a high-conductivity layer. This layered structure prevents lithium metal reaction with the electrolyte, stops dendrite growth, and maintains high conductivity.

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Electrode designs and processes for lithium metal batteries that improve performance and stability compared to conventional lithium metal anodes. The designs involve layering materials on copper current collectors to form electrodes with specific compositions and interfaces. One design is a zinc-brass-lithium stack where a zinc layer is sandwiched between brass and lithium. The zinc prevents direct contact between copper and lithium, reducing side reactions. Another design is a zinc-lithium stack with a diffusion interlayer between copper and zinc. This allows gradual intermixing of zinc and copper without forming brittle compounds. The compositions and layering aim to provide stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces and reduce dendrite growth for improved cycle life and safety in lithium metal batteries.

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Abstract Nickelrich layered cathodes and lithium metal anode are promising for the next generation highenergydensity batteries. However, unstable electrodeelectrolyte interface induces structural degradation battery failure under highvoltage highloading conditions. Herein, we report a fluorosilanecoupled electrolyte stabilizer with 1H, 2H, 2Hperfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane (PFOTMS), which presents higher adsorption energy LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn O 2 cathode than solvents through conjugation of SiO bonds therefore is oxidized on its surface to derive an interfacial layer rich in F species. This architecture effectively stabilizes structure, suppresses transition migration, promotes Li + conduction uniform deposition, also side reactions both anode. unique stabilization mechanism enables Li||NCM811 achieve capacity retention rate 80.8% after 600 cycles at 4.7 V. The Li||LiCoO cell high mass loading 20 mg cm 2 achieves remarkably highcapacity 92.79% 500 4.4 work proposes that overcomes limitations practical nickelrich cathode/lithium

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Additive for lithium metal batteries that reduces dendrite growth and improves battery life. The additive is an ionic liquid compound that forms a uniform protective layer on lithium metal during charging/discharging. The compound has a cation with a lower reduction potential than lithium, and a symmetrical structure with even numbers of identical aliphatic groups bonded to the central element. This prevents self-aggregation and allows complete coverage of the lithium surface. The additive can be added to the electrolyte to suppress dendrite growth, induce uniform lithium deposition, and improve battery life and safety compared to conventional additives.

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Lithium metal anode for lithium-ion batteries that reduces dendrite growth and improves battery lifetime. The anode has a protective layer containing LiF and LiI. The layer is deposited by simultaneously evaporating LiF and LiI compositions. The LiI leaches out during cycling and replenishes lithium lost from the cathode, mitigating dead lithium accumulation.

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Electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries that improves capacity and lifetime of the battery by preventing sulfur leaching and lithium metal dendrite formation. The electrolyte contains a sulfide compound additive in addition to the lithium salt and organic solvent. The sulfide compound helps stabilize the lithium metal anode and reduce sulfur dissolution from the cathode during cycling. This improves efficiency, capacity retention, and cycle life of lithium-sulfur batteries compared to conventional electrolytes.

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Lithium metal battery with improved capacity retention and reduced resistance by adding a thin metal layer between the negative electrode and the lithium metal, and dispersing metal particles in the negative electrode active material. The metal layer and dispersed particles homogenize lithium plating to prevent dendrite formation and reduce resistance.

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Lithium-ion battery electrode composition that eliminates the need for solvents in the coating process and prevents solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation during battery cycling. The electrode composition is made by mixing lithium organic compounds like dilithium terephthalate or dilithium 2-aminoterephthalate with active material powder and binder to form a solvent-free electrode agglomeration. This dry coating technique reduces energy consumption compared to wet coating methods. The lithium organic compounds stabilize the electrode-electrolyte interface, preventing SEI formation and irreversible capacity losses.

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Protective layer for preventing dendrite growth and suppressing dead lithium formation in lithium metal batteries. The protective layer is a composite polymeric substance (CPS) coating containing two or more polymers, lithium salts, and ceramic oxide particles. The CPS coating is applied to the lithium metal surface to block dendrite penetration and convert dendrites into desirable compounds like LiF, Li3N, and Li2O. The CPS coating provides mechanical strength to physically block dendrites and chemical conversion of dendrites into stable compounds.

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Lithium (Li) metal is recognized as a highly promising anode material for nextgeneration highenergydensity batteries. Nonetheless, dendrite growth and low coulombic efficiency significantly impede the practical application of Li anodes. The deposition morphology chemical stability are intricately linked to its crystallographic orientation. This study presents substrate engineering approach that employs singlecrystalline Nickel (Ni) facilitate epitaxial due their excellent lattice matching. findings reveal Ni(110) exhibits more pronounced heteroepitaxial effect than Ni(111). A robust {110}textured was prepared on with uniform planar lower selfdiffusion barrier Li(110) plane. improves cycling in NiLi cells full cells. Notably, Li||LiFePO4 cell utilizing high capacity retention 109.6 mAh cm2 over 350 cycles at 1 C under negativetopositive ratio 1.26. investigation highlights crucial role substrateinduced heteroepitaxy improving plating/stripping dynamics provides insights development stable anodes by orientation modification.

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An anodeless lithium metal battery with improved energy density and reduced dendrite formation compared to conventional lithium metal batteries. The battery uses a composite electrolyte containing lithium metal or lithium alloy instead of a separate anode. During discharge, the composite electrolyte releases lithium ions that electrodeposit onto the lithium metal/alloy surface, forming an interconnected structure bound to the anode current collector. This prevents dendrite growth and swelling issues of a planar lithium anode. The composite electrolyte is prepared by combining lithium particles with the liquid electrolyte and coating it on the anode.

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The integration of polymerbased electrolytes into nextgeneration lithiummetal batteries (LMBs) offers significant potential for enhancing energy density and safety. However, their development is impeded by challenges such as low ionic conductivity at room temperature, anion polarization effects, a lithiumion transference number. This investigation aims to address the limitations combining singleion conductive polymer (SICP) ether network (EPN) electrolytes. interwoven structure SICP EPN ensures uniform distribution, facilitating efficient delocalized transport. Utilizing sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoridecohexafluoropropylene)based with enhances conductivity, electrochemical stability, mechanical strength. optimized SICPEPN membrane exhibits an 10 4 S cm 1 , stability window exceeding 4.9 V, transport number 0.58 30 C. Li/SICPEPN/NCM811 cell demonstrates initial discharge capacity 189 mAh g Coulombic efficiency 99.7% 0.1 C C, maintaining minimal fading after 250 chargedischarge cycles 0.5 C. These findings highlight present viable econom... Read More

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