Sodium Ion Batteries for EV Power Systems

Sodium ion battery electrolyte and sodium ion battery containing the electrolyte. The electrolyte composition improves cycle life, high temperature performance, and reduces gas generation in sodium ion batteries. It contains non-aqueous organic solvents, sodium salts, and additives. The additives are a negative electrode film-forming additive, a positive electrode protection additive, and a water removal/decomposition additive. The film-forming additive improves SEI formation at the negative electrode. The protection additive prevents decomposition at the positive electrode. The water removal additive reacts with moisture to prevent electrolyte decomposition.

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A sodium battery system for improving the charge and discharge capacity of graphite-based sodium ion batteries by using an electrolyte containing 1-methylimidazole (1-MI) and sodium salt without carbonate. The 1-MI-based electrolyte provides better cycling stability and capacity retention compared to conventional carbonate-containing electrolytes for graphite anodes. This is because the 1-MI electrolyte avoids formation of a passivation film on the graphite anode, enabling better sodium ion intercalation. The lack of sodium in the graphite anode allows using this 1-MI electrolyte for high-capacity graphite sodium batteries.

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Sodium ion battery and electrical equipment with improved safety to prevent fires. The battery design involves regulating electrolyte composition, positive electrode formulation, and cycling conditions to suppress safety issues like gas generation, internal short circuits, and thermal runaway. This reduces intensity of energy release and suppresses jet fires when the battery fails, preventing fires and improving safety compared to standard sodium ion batteries. The design is tested by cycling the battery at 45°C for 500 cycles.

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High-temperature sodium-ion battery electrolyte that improves the performance and longevity of sodium-ion batteries at elevated temperatures. The electrolyte contains a non-aqueous organic solvent, sodium salt, and a specific additive called A. Additive A has a specific chemical structure. It forms a dense, stable interface film on the positive electrode surface that reduces organic component dissolution at high temperatures. This reduces electrolyte consumption, internal resistance growth, and capacity loss compared to conventional electrolytes.

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A multifunctional additive for sodium-ion battery electrolytes that improves cycle life, high/low temperature performance, and reduces gas generation. The additive is a fluorinated organic compound, such as a fluorinated sulfonate, added to the electrolyte in small quantities. It stabilizes the electrode-electrolyte interface, reduces electrolyte decomposition, and prevents passivation of the cathode and electrolyte oxidation at high voltage. The additive also promotes electrolyte film formation on the negative electrode surface.

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Electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries that improves cycle performance in high-temperature environments. The electrolyte contains sodium salt and an organic solvent mixture with specific components. The organic solvent includes fluorinated organic compounds, ether compounds, and coordination compounds with transition metal-coordinating functional groups. This solvent composition helps form a stable solid electrolyte interface film on the battery electrodes and reduces electrochemical polarization, improving cycle life in high-temperature conditions.

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A sodium-ion battery design with a protective layer on the negative electrode current collector to enable anode-less operation. The protective layer allows sodium ions to pass freely and prevents dendrite growth on the current collector during charging and discharging. This allows omitting the traditional negative electrode active material layer and avoiding dendrite formation on the current collector. The layer is made of polymer materials that allow sodium ion transport. The battery configuration has a positive electrode sheet, separator, and current collector with the protective layer.

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Sodium ion battery design with improved cycle life and energy density for sodium ion batteries used in energy storage applications. The design involves a specialized negative electrode structure with a separate sodium storage layer and conductive skeleton layer. The sodium storage layer provides the sodium intercalation capacity, while the conductive skeleton layer promotes uniform sodium deposition and prevents dendrite growth. The capacity ratio of the sodium storage layer to the positive electrode layer is controlled to optimize energy density and cycle life.

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Sodium ion battery electrolyte that enables improved cycle performance over a wide temperature range. The electrolyte contains sodium salt, cyclic carbonate solvent, antisolvent, and dinitrile solvent. The antisolvent is for the sodium salt. The ratios of carbonate, antisolvent, and dinitrile solvents are 20-50:40-60:10-40. This mix allows the electrolyte to have good low-temperature flowability, high-temperature stability, and overall solubility for sodium ions. It avoids crystallization at low temps, decomposition at high temps, and compatibility issues with battery materials.

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Low-temperature sodium metal battery with improved cycle performance and stability at low temperatures compared to conventional sodium metal batteries. The battery uses a specific electrolyte composition consisting of a mixture of tetrahydropyran (THF) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) solvents. This electrolyte provides better low-temperature operation and stability compared to traditional THF-based electrolytes. The DOL solvent helps reduce overpotential and improve reversibility at low temperatures.

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Long-life aqueous sodium-ion battery with improved stability and cycle life compared to conventional aqueous batteries. The battery uses self-supporting thick electrodes, an electrolyte with hydrogen bond disrupting inhibitors, and anti-corrosion current collectors. The thick electrodes prevent cracking during assembly. The inhibitors in the electrolyte prevent water molecule clustering and oxygen evolution. The coated current collectors prevent corrosion. These design features enable long-life cycles for aqueous batteries.

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Sodium-ion battery with improved performance and reduced issues like pole piece breakage, low density, and poor cycling at high temperatures. The battery uses a composite negative electrode with a controlled ratio of hard carbon and soft carbon. This composite reduces wrinkling and improves density compared to just hard carbon. It also improves fast charging and cycling at lower temperatures due to the soft carbon's higher sodium ion insertion/extraction activity. However, excess soft carbon worsens cycling at high temperatures due to side reactions. The battery also uses an optimized electrolyte with controlled additive concentration to balance fast charging and high temperature cycling.

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Sodium ion battery electrolyte that inhibits dendrite formation in sodium metal batteries to improve cycle life and safety. The electrolyte contains high concentration sodium salts, carbon nanomaterials like nanodiamonds and carbon dots, and organic solvents. The carbon nanomaterials evenly distribute on the negative electrode during charging, providing nucleation sites for sodium ion deposition and preventing dendrites. The high sodium salt concentration improves stability and rate performance. The nanomaterials also compensate for viscosity issues with high salt concentrations.

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Sodium-ion battery with high operating voltage and improved cycle life and first efficiency, using a specific electrolyte composition with added compounds. The electrolyte contains three additives: (1) sodium fluorophosphate (Additive A) to stabilize the electrode interfaces, (2) a phosphorus compound with unsaturated bonds (Additive B) to form a dense interface film, and (3) a cyano compound (Additive C) to complex metal ions and prevent migration. This combination improves sodium-ion battery performance at high voltages and cycles.

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Electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries with improved cycle stability, low temperature performance, and safety compared to conventional electrolytes. The electrolyte contains a conductive sodium salt like sodium borate, and an additive like difluorinated phthalic acid derivatives. The additive inhibits side reactions of the electrolyte and improves thermal stability. The additive also reduces water uptake compared to conventional additives like PF5. This improves battery cycle life and prevents bulging issues. The optimized electrolyte composition promotes sodium-ion battery performance and safety.

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A sodium ion battery electrolyte and battery design that improves performance, especially in high temperature environments. The electrolyte contains a new additive compound called DTD0.3% VC0.3¾. The compound has the structural formula I. It improves electrochemical performance and reduces side reactions compared to conventional additives. The battery design uses specific materials for the anode, cathode, and separator. The cathode contains an aluminum current collector, cathode diaphragm with active material, conductive agent, and binder. The anode has a copper current collector and anode diaphragm with active material, conductive agent, and binder. The specific materials are natural or artificial graphite, or a composite of SiOx and graphite for the anode and cathode.

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Low-temperature electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries using tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent that improves electrolyte stability and performance at low temperatures. The electrolyte contains a conductive sodium salt like sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, or sodium bisfluorosulfonimide dissolved in a mixture of THF and triethyl phosphate or fluoroethylene carbonate. The THF:solvent ratio is 1:1 to 4:1. This electrolyte allows stable sodium salt dissolution and prevents solidification, precipitation, and resistance increases at low temperatures compared to conventional carbonate electrolytes.

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Sodium ion battery with improved performance by regulating the crystallinity of the negative electrode and the electrolyte salt content to reduce gas generation during cycling. The crystallinity of the negative electrode carbon material should be between 0.5-50% and the mass percentage of electrolyte salt in the electrolyte should be between 3-15%. This prevents excessive adsorption of electrolyte salt onto the defective sites of the negative electrode which can decompose the electrolyte and produce gas.

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Sodium ion battery electrolyte and sodium ion battery with improved performance, especially high temperature performance, by using specific additives in the electrolyte. The additives contain compounds with the formula NaPF6xNaFSi(1-x)EC, where x is 0.5-1.5, along with solvents like EC, DMC, and EMC. These additives improve electrochemical performance, storage, and high temperature stability of sodium ion batteries compared to conventional additives.

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Electrolyte and sodium ion battery with improved cycle performance, particularly for high voltage sodium-ion batteries like P2 type layered oxides. The electrolyte contains sodium salt, solvent, and additives including silane borate compounds like tris(trimethylsilane)borate (TMSB) and fluoroalkyl carbonate compounds like trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC). Using this electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries provides better capacity retention at high voltages compared to conventional electrolytes. The silane borate and fluoroalkyl carbonate additives help limit irreversible phase changes, reduce capacity loss, and suppress electrode material interactions at high voltages.

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